Natural History & Exploration

Question 1

William Dampier

Answer 1

Expedition in 1697 to Pacific

Ethnographic and natural history observations

Question 2

Impact of Dampier’s expedition

Answer 2

Made scientific societies more interested in fact-finding expeditions

Question 3

Dampier’s progression after expedition

Answer 3

Made civilian captain of royal navy

Question 4

Expedition aims at start of 18th c.

Answer 4

discovery of new passages and trade routes

Question 5

Collaboration between france, spain and sweden

Answer 5

At equator and lapland to find shape of earth

Question 6

Date of astronomical collaboration

Answer 6

1756-1763

Question 7

Why did astronomers collaborate?

Answer 7

To find mean distance of earth to sun by observing transit of venus across the sun

Question 8

Who led the observations of venus?

Answer 8

Joseph-Nicolas Delisle (French)

Question 9

What did Delisle do?

Answer 9

Observed transit of venus in Russia in 1753, then made map of locations for 1761 eclipse and distributed across europe

Question 10

What did astronomers do on their expeditions

Answer 10

Also took observations and collections in Natural History

Question 11

Why was Endeavour expedition done?

Answer 11

To observe Venus in Tahiti in 1769

Question 12

What is the Endeavour expedition most famous for now?

Answer 12

Jospeph Banks’ botanical findings

Question 13

A popular route that was being explored

Answer 13

Around Cape Horn

Question 14

What did Cape Horn expeditions acheive

Answer 14

Discovery of other islands eg Tahiti& Mauritius

Question 15

Bougainville expedition dates

Answer 15

1768-9

Question 16

Commerson’s work

Answer 16

Naturalist on Bougainville
Dropped off at Mauritius
Became interested in role of climate and deforestation on moisture of atmosphere

Question 17

Commerson’s books

Answer 17

helped make island/garden “paradises” popular in France

Question 18

Who sent out many natural history expeditions and when?

Answer 18

Linnaeus in 30’s

Question 19

View of botany/natural history in Britain

Answer 19

Fashionable by mid 18th c.

Question 20

Role of East& West India Companies

Answer 20

Imported exotic species

Question 21

Who led Endeavour?

Answer 21

James Cook

Question 22

Who funded Endeavour?

Answer 22

the Crown & Royal Society

Question 23

What land mass did Endeavour try to find?

Answer 23

‘terra australis’
Had to survey the flora and fauna, minerals and people
Wanted to exploit the new lands

Question 24

Where did Cook manage to explore?

Answer 24

Tahiti, New Zealand, Australia (New Holland), New Guinea

Question 25

Linnaeus on Endeavour findings

Answer 25

"a matchless and truly astonishing collection, such that has never been seen before, nor may ever be seen again"

Question 26

Expeditions after Endeavour

Answer 26

Much more emphasis placed on science- illustrators, naturalists and astronomers sent regularly

Question 27

Longitude act

Answer 27

1714 | £20,000 for most accurate (+-0.5') method

Question 28

Device used to find longitude

Answer 28

Chronometer | -time difference = longitude

Question 29

Issue with scurvy

Answer 29

More people lost to it than enemy action

Question 30

Who first experimented with scurvy treatment

Answer 30

James Lind, 1746 | -6 different remedies

Question 31

Endeavour scurvy trial

Answer 31

1768

Question 32

Eventual treatment of scurvy

Answer 32

Lemons only accepted in late 90's by Royal Navy

Question 33

Banks' highest position acheived

Answer 33

President of Royal Society

Question 34

How Banks got natural history more popular/important

Answer 34

Gave Admiralty and Board of Trade information in return for help in natural history expeditions

Question 35

Where did Banks manage to send expeditions

Answer 35

China, Africa etc

Question 36

Contacts of Banks

Answer 36

Collectors around the world | Henry Dudas- secretary of the Board of Control of the East India Company- influenced their policies on botany

Question 37

Advances in Natural history by end of 18th c.

Answer 37

Actually analysed their samples using more advanced methods and equipment

Question 38

Expedition to Middle East

Answer 38

Carsten Niebuhr to Saudi Arabia

Question 39

Who was most interested in Islamic literature

Answer 39

Physicians | -inspired papers on treatment of small pox, measles and parasitic guinea worm

Question 40

trade methods in China

Answer 40

Used scientific instruments and knowledge to gain diplomatic foothold

Question 41

Instruments given to Chinese

Answer 41

Planetarium | Chronometer

Question 42

Chinese response to instruments

Answer 42

Not interested | -didn't let it spread as it would give the people more power

Question 43

Knowledge gained from Spanish America

Answer 43

None- colonialism wiped out all non-western scientific traditions there

Question 44

Global trade and increased scientific understanding

Answer 44

new food and medicine discovered, people wanted to know more about them-> science

Question 45

Why did Europeans make a species naming system

Answer 45

In order to dominate trade of plants etc

Question 46

Use of instruments abroad

Answer 46

Emblems of European power So development and dispersion encouraged So more reason for scientific development