Natural Increase as component of population change and DTM

Question 1

Natural increase

Answer 1

Rate at which population is growing naturally, excluding gains from migrations

Question 2

Birth Rate

Give example

Answer 2

average number of children born per 1000 people per year

Eg. Niger, Africa 2011 highest was 46/1000

Question 3

Death rate

Answer 3

Number of deaths per 1000 per year

Question 4

Fertility rate

both individual and general

Answer 4

Individual - average number of children each woman give birth to in country
General - number of births in a year per 1000 woman

Question 5

Infant death rate

Answer 5

Number of deaths of babies under 1 year of age per 1000 live births per year

Question 6

Life expectancy

Answer 6

avg number of years from birth which a person is expected to live

Question 7

Factors affecting fertility rates

Social/cultural
Economic
Environmental
Political

Answer 7

Social and Cultural Factors - Lics, woman encouraged to have lots of children as it’s traditional. Education, birth control, legal abortion.

Economic Factors - LICs children are viewed as an economic asset (farm work), in HICs children are more expensive to raise therefore have less. Employers don’t want to lose valuable female workers, lifestyle choice ie. spending money on holidays.

Environmental Factors - natural disasters

Political - governments rules either to decrease or increase fertility rate, wars

Question 8

Factors affecting death rates

1. social
2. economic
3. environmental
4. Political

Answer 8

1. Woman gaining better knowledge for healthcare/need for better hygiene
2. Mothers finding paid work so can afford a better diet/provide better nutrition for them and child
3. Putting in place safe water strategies and ensuring food supply is plentiful in quality and quantity
4. empowerment of woman allowing them to have a voice through campaigning and setting up action groups.

Question 9

Dependency definition in terms of population structure

Answer 9

reliance for survival on support provided by another or others

Question 10

Dependency ratio

Define then give the formula

Answer 10

relationship between economically active and non-economically active population.

Young dependents% + Old dependents%

Divide by working population %

then x 100

Question 11

Demographic transition

What does it show?

Answer 11

change of birth and death rates from high to low over time

Question 12

Stage one of DT

Answer 12

HIGH STATIONARY

Pre-industrial society
Death and birth rates high and fluctuating
Natural increase = low
high infant morality

Question 13

Stage 2 of DT

Answer 13

EARLY EXPANDING - Yemen

birth rates remain high but death rates drop rapidly due to :

• improved farming therefore better food supply
• improved basic health care
• improved water supply
• improve in transport

results in higher life expectancy
EG. europe in 18th century was agricultural revolution

Question 14

Stage 3 of DT

Answer 14

LATE EXPANDING - most LICs

birth rate fell rapidly
death rates fall more slowly
improved health care
improved sewerage, sanitation (eradicates disease)
improved diet due to agricultural improvements
increase in wages therefore families don’t need as many children

Question 15

Stage 4 of DT

Answer 15

LOW STATIONARY - USA/Australia

both death and birth rates low
total population is high and stable
death rate may increase slightly due to life style disease - less exercise is cancer

Question 16

Stage 5 of DT

original DTM has 4 stages

Answer 16

EG. Japan/germany

original DTM has 4 stages
some people think stage 5 represents countries which have gone through economic transition - deindustrialisation
high economic development results in large aging population

Question 17

Limitations and criticism of DTM

Answer 17

• only suggestion about future levels and not a prediction
• generalisation that applies to these countries as a group and might not accurately describe all individual cases
• does not factor in change to population due to migration, nor does it account for disease outbreaks such as aids

Question 18

Impacts of youthful populations

Answer 18

• food supply increase needed to feed all extra non productive population
• pressure on health care service - high birth rate means more midwives needed/vaccines
• shortage of schools therefore pressure on government to provide facilities and may create tax increase
• could increase unemployment as they grow up

Question 19

Issues of ageing population

Answer 19

• fewer economically active means fewer pay income taxes

- extra stress on health care systems such as NHS