Nature and Elements of Communication

Question 1

Definition of Communication

Answer 1

Imparting/Exchanging info through sending/receiving of it

Question 2

Definition of communication models

Answer 2

conceptual models used to explain human communication process.

Question 3

first major model for communication was developed in 1948 by Claude Elwood Shannon and published with an introduction by Warren Weaver for Bell Laboratories.

Answer 3

Shannon and Weaver’s model of communication

Question 4

In 1960, David Berlo expanded the linear transmission model:
-simple application for person-to-person communication, which includes communication source, encoder, message, channel, decoder, and communication receiver

Answer 4

Sender-Message-Channel-Receiver (SMCR) Model of Communication

Question 5

David Berlo presented some factors that influence the communication process between two people:

Answer 5

• communication skills,
• awareness level,
• social system,
• cultural system,
• attitude

Question 6

Communication is usually described along a few major dimensions:

Answer 6

• Message (what type of things are communicated),
• source / emissor / sender / encoder (by whom),
• form (in which form),
• channel (through which medium),
• destination / receiver / target / decoder (to whom)
• Receiver

Question 7

He indicated that we should also examine the impact that a message has (both desired and undesired) on the target of the message.

Answer 7

Wilbur Schramm

Question 8

Communication, as processes of information transmission, is governed by three levels of semiotic rules:

Answer 8

• Syntactic (formal properties of signs and symbols),
• Pragmatic (concerned with the relations between -signs/expressions and their users) and
• Semantic (the study of relationships between signs and symbols and what they represent).

Question 9

According to Schramm, communication is:

Answer 9

social interaction where at least two interacting agents share a common set of signs and a common set of semiotic rules

Question 10

Barnlund (1970) proposed a transactional model of communication, its basic premise is:

Answer 10

individuals are simultaneously engaging in the sending and receiving of messages

Question 11

a model in which sender and a receiver are linked reciprocally

Answer 11

constitutive model or constructionist view

Question 12

Communication is viewed as a conduit

Answer 12

a passage in which information travels from one individual to another and this information becomes separate from the communication itself. A particular instance of communication is called a speech act.

Question 13

interference with effective transmission and reception of a message.

Answer 13

Noise

Question 14

the initiator and encoder of a message

Answer 14

Sender

Question 15

the one that receives the message (the listener) and the decoder of a message

Answer 15

Receiver

Question 16

translates the sender’s spoken idea/message into something the receiver understands by using their knowledge of language from personal experience.

Answer 16

Decode

Question 17

puts the idea into spoken language while putting their own meaning into the word/message.

Answer 17

Encode

Question 18

the medium through which the message travels such as through oral communication (radio, television, phone, in person) or written communication (letters, email, text messages)

Answer 18

Channel

Question 19

the receiver’s verbal and nonverbal responses to a message such as a nod for understanding (nonverbal), a raised eyebrow for being confused (nonverbal), or asking a question to clarify the message (verbal).

Answer 19

Feedback

Question 20

the verbal and nonverbal components of language that is sent to the receiver by the sender which conveys an idea.

Answer 20

Message

Question 21

“Language is the source of meaning”

Answer 21

Meaning arises out of the social interaction people have with each other.

Question 22

• one-way model to communicate with others.
• consists of the sender encoding a message and channeling it to the receiver in the presence of noise
• in this model there is no feedback or response which may allow for a continuous exchange of information

Answer 22

Linear model (Shannon & Weaver)

Question 23

• two linear models stacked on top of each other.
• The sender channels a message to the receiver and the receiver then becomes the sender and channels a message to the original sender.
• This model has added feedback, indicating that communication is not a one way but a two way process. -It also has “field of experience” which includes our cultural background, ethnicity geographic location, extent of travel, and general personal experiences accumulated over the course of your lifetime

Answer 23

Interactive/convergence

Question 24

Many communications online use this model, send an email, post a blog, or share something on social media

Answer 24

Linear model

Question 25

Instant messaging uses this model. The sender sends an IM to the receiver, then the original sender has to wait for the IM from the original receiver to react. Or a question/answer session where you just ask a question then you get an answer.

Answer 25

Interactive/convergence