Nature and Meaning of Learning

Question 1

a non-stop complex process; it serves as the foundation of a person’s activities and proof of being rational.

Answer 1

Learning

Question 2

it is the simplest kind of learning.

Answer 2

Habituation

Question 3

it is the next level of learning wherein we form new associations between a stimulus and a response (S-R Theory).

Answer 3

Associative Learning

Question 4

Two Kinds of Learning by association

Answer 4

Classical and operant conditioning

Question 5

discovered classical conditioning. He was a Russian physiologist where the subject of his experiment was a dog.

Answer 5

Ivan Pavlov

Question 6

respondents conditioning involves the transfer of response from one stimulus to another through repeated pairings

Answer 6

Classical conditioning

Question 7

this is when the stimulus association is learned.

Answer 7

Acquisition phase

Question 8

the constant pairing of a conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus.

Answer 8

Trial

Question 9

refers to an event which may enhance or maintain the strength of a response.

Answer 9

Reinforcement

Question 10

in classical conditioning, this refers to a decrease in the strength of a conditioned response resulting from repeatedly eliciting the response in the absence of the reinforcement.

Answer 10

Extinction

Question 11

a possible recurrence of an extinguished conditioned response.

Answer 11

Spontaneous recovery

Question 12

this is the tendency of the stimulus that is similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit the conditioned response.

Answer 12

Generalization

Question 13

it is the opposite of generalization. It is the process of responding
to the variation or differences between stimuli.

Answer 13

Discrimination

Question 14

a phenomenon which aids the individual to become flexible with his response to the environment

Answer 14

Higher-Order conditioning

Question 15

The learner is allowed to discover how his behavior response affects the environment and vice-versa (Skinner, B.F. extensively
experimented)

Answer 15

Operant conditioning

Question 16

refers to a series of responses wherein each response leads to the next response

Answer 16

Shaping

Question 17

in operant conditioning, this is a progressive weakening of an
instrumental learning due to the withdrawal of reinforcement.

Answer 17

Extinction

Question 18

refers to the tendency of a stimulus, which is similar to the one used in training to elicit the same response

Answer 18

Stimulus Generalization

Question 19

in here, the response made in one stimulus is not made if one stimulus is not made possible to the others.

Answer 19

Discrimination Learning

Question 20

there is a possibility of maintaining operant response in a schedule of intermittent wherein the responses made by an individual are reinforced only part of the time

Answer 20

Partial Reinforcement

Question 21

these reinforcers are learned, they are referred to a stimulus that has gained a reinforcing property by having been paired with a primary reinforcer

Answer 21

Secondary Reinforcement

Question 21

the most prominent social learning theorist in the United States, who has engaged in many experiments involving learning by observing which is otherwise known as vicarious learning or modeling, because a model is being imitated.

Answer 21

Albert Bandura

Question 22

sensing and perceiving the important aspects of the behavior to be imitated.

Answer 22

Attention

Question 23

remembering the behavior either through mental images or languages.

Answer 23

Retention

Question 24

converting the recalled observation into action.

Answer 24

Motoric Reproduction

Question 25

being encouraged and motivated to adopt the behavior.

Answer 25

Reinforcement

Question 26

refers to proficiency and competency in a certain kind of performance.

Answer 26

Skill

Question 27

What are the three stages in learning a skill

Answer 27

cognition, fixation, and automation.

Question 28

This kind of learning is distinctly human. It involves the use of words, either as stimuli or responses

Answer 28

Verbal Learning

Question 29

where the first item in a list serves as a stimulus to the second serves as stimulus to the next.

Answer 29

Serial-Anticipation Learning

Question 30

an effect wherein the first and last items in the list are better remembered than the middle item.

Answer 30

serial position effect

Question 31

involves the organization of the verbal materials like groupings of vegetables and fruits

Answer 31

Free recall learning

Question 32

this kind of learning involves establishing a relationship between the two elements, where one element serves as a stimulus to the other which is the response.

Answer 32

Paired-associate learning

Question 33

perceiving of current happenings, recalling previous experiences, thinking, reasoning, evaluating, and abstracting.

Answer 33

Cognitive learning

Question 34

Defined as the extent to which original and previously learned information persists.

Answer 34

Memory

Question 35

The process of reproducing past learning/experience without any clue

Answer 35

Recall

Question 36

Denotes the ability to identify learned items that are familiar.

Answer 36

Recognition

Question 37

Involves the recollection of past learning/experience with the presence of cues.

Answer 37

Reintegration

Question 38

Simply refers to the reviewing of previous learning; the easiest method of learning

Answer 38

Relearning

Question 39

This step may be involuntary, for instance, when we hear a sound or we see something which makes an impression on us.

Answer 39

Perception

Question 40

Process of classifying information. In order for information to be ready for storage, we have to organize it first in a meaningful manner.

Answer 40

Encoding

Question 41

Process of holding the memory of an encoded material or information for future use.

Answer 41

Storage

Question 42

This final step is crucial. It involves getting the remembered information out of storage.

Answer 42

Retrieval

Question 43

This is our working memory and our active memory containing the information that we are presently using; sensory memory.

Answer 43

Short-term memory

Question 44

Pieces of information stored in the brain for many years that could be retrieved when we need them without any rehearsal; It remains for the rest of our lives.

Answer 44

Long-term memory

Question 45

Memories for rules and concepts. This also involves mental modules of our environment.

Answer 45

Semantic memory

Question 46

the most simple and basic form of LTM.

Answer 46

Procedural memory

Question 47

refers to records of personal experiences which have great significance; Memorable events in your life.

Answer 47

Episodic memory

Question 48

Refers to individuals w/ exceptional memory.

Answer 48

Memorists

Question 49

These are individuals who possess eidetic imagery power.

Answer 49

Eidetikers

Question 50

These are individuals who possess eidetic imagery power.

Answer 50

Eidetikers

Question 51

Like in the case of amnesia where the memory breaks down.

Answer 51

Memory Disorder

Question 52

The inability of the individual to form new permanent memories

Answer 52

Anterograde Amnesia

Question 53

The inability to reproduce and recall pieces of information learned prior to amnesia

Answer 53

Retrograde Amnesia

Question 54

A rare form of amnesia which is a memory disorder brought about by emotionally disturbing events

Answer 54

Psychogenic Amnesia

Question 55

Failure to retain what was previously learned.

Answer 55

Forgetting

Question 56

Conflict among information learned earlier or later

Answer 56

Interference Theory

Question 57

Lapse of time.

Answer 57

Decay Theory

Question 58

Cue-dependent forgetting

Answer 58

Retrieval-Based Forgetting

Question 59

Distortion of learned information in the long-term memory

Answer 59

Storage-Based Forgetting

Question 60

Form of suppression, purposeful or voluntary process; Conscious forgetting

Answer 60

Motivated Forgetting

Question 61

this affects his behavioral responses, his manner of adjustment, and even his state of mental well being”

Answer 61

intelligence level

Question 62

No universally agreed meaning

Answer 62

meaning of intelligence

Question 63

developed the Standford Binet intelligence scale. “intelligence is the ability to think abstractly"

Answer 63

Lewis Terman (1921)

Question 64

developed the widely-used intelligence test for varying ages. “intelligence is the ability to act purposely, to think rationally, and to deal effectively with environment”

Answer 64

David Weschler (1944)

Question 65

a Swiss developmental psychologist. develop the theory of cognitive development. “intelligence is one’s ability to adapt to one’s surroundings.

Answer 65

Jean Piaget

Question 66

inherited intellectual capacity that influenced all around performance

Answer 66

“G” factor (general intelligence)

Question 67

task specific intelligence

Answer 67

“S” factor (specific intelligence)

Question 68

the ability to understand and define words.

Answer 68

Verbal Comprehension

Question 69

the ability to find rules and conventions to justify and solve issues (logical thought).

Answer 69

Reasoning

Question 70

the ability to detect similarities and differences between designs and objects.

Answer 70

Perceptual Speed

Question 71

the ability to deal with numbers speedily and accurately either theoretically or practically

Answer 71

Numerical Ability

Question 72

the ability of an individual to think of words rapidly.

Answer 72

Word fluency

Question 72

the ability to recall and associate previous learned items

Answer 72

Associative memory

Question 73

the ability to draw a design from memory to recognize a figure whose position in the space has been distorted.

Answer 73

Space

Question 74

this theory describes eight distinct bits of intelligence that are based on skills and abilities that are valued within different cultures

Answer 74

Multiple Intelligence theory (Howard Gardner)

Question 75

spatial Intelligence

Answer 75

Visual

Question 76

linguistic Intelligence

Answer 76

Verbal

Question 77

kinesthetic Intelligence

Answer 77

Bodily

Question 78

mathematical Intelligence

Answer 78

Logical

Question 79

intelligence is viewed as comprising operations, contents and products.

Answer 79

Structure of Intellect Theory (J.P. Guilford)

Question 80

ability to reason quickly and to think abstractly

Answer 80

Fluid Intelligence

Question 81

knowledge and skills that are accumulated over a lifetime

Answer 81

Crystalized intelligence

Question 82

This component refers to problem-solving abilities

Answer 82

Analytical intelligence

Question 83

This aspect of intelligence involves the ability to deal with new situations using past experiences and current skills.

Answer 83

Creative intelligence

Question 84

This element refers to the ability to adapt to a changing environment.

Answer 84

Practical intelligence

Question 85

invented the first IQ test and the Binet’s Test to classify the normal and abnormal learners.

Answer 85

Alfred Binet (1905)

Question 86

devised a variation of Binet’s test: Simon-binet Test and Intelligence test used particularly on children aged 3 to 15 years.

Answer 86

Theophile Simon

Question 87

IQ Test Formula

Answer 87

I.Q. = M.A. / C.A. x 100

Question 88

mental capacity of 8 -12 yrs old, mildly mentally retarded

Answer 88

Morons

Question 89

the mental capacity of 3-8 yrs old, moderate mentally retarded

Answer 89

Imbecile

Question 90

mental capacity of 0-3 yrs old, severe/profound mentally retarded

Answer 90

Idiot

Question 91

this is usually given to one person at a time by experts.

Answer 91

Individual test

Question 92

often times administered to several persons at a time by anybody who can follow directions

Answer 92

Group test

Question 93

in this type of test, there is a predominance of oral communication or language.

Answer 93

Verbal test

Question 94

measures the intelligence of a person without the use of language and is usually given to illiterates, pre-schoolers, and foreigners who do not have a command of the language used in the verbal test. This is a tool-manipulated type of test.

Answer 94

Non-verbal test or Performance test

Question 95

measures the amount of work done regardless of time spent

Answer 95

Power test

Question 96

measures the amount of work done within the time limit.

Answer 96

Speed test

Question 97

a measure of a person's emotional intelligence

Answer 97

Emotional Quotient (EQ)

Question 98

the intelligence of machines or the simulation of intelligence in machines.

Answer 98

Artificial Intelligence