NATURE AND SCOPE OF DEVELOPMENT

Question 1

It is generally used to refer to the dynamic process by which an individual grows and changes throughout its life-span.

Answer 1

development

Question 2

refers to the hereditary contribution a child receives from parents at the time conception.

Answer 2

nature

Question 3

refers to the influences of the complex physical and social ecology in which we develop or grow influence the developmental outcomes in important ways.

Answer 3

nurture

Question 4

is a broader term which often includes growth but is used more to refer to functional and qualitative changes in cognitive ability, perceptual ability, personality and emotional development.

Answer 4

development

Question 5

generally refers to the quantitative additions or changes in the organic structure. For instance, as we become older, the body size, height, weight, proportions of body parts change in measurable ways. Also the vocabulary increases.

Answer 5

growth

Question 6

refers to the natural unfolding of changes with increasing age; biologically in nature and occur due to a genetic programme. (e.g hormonal changes as an individual reaches puberty.) An example of this are the male and female secondary characteristics.

Answer 6

maturation

Question 7

A term refers to species-specific changes.

Answer 7

evolution

Question 8

changes that occur at the level of species.

Answer 8

phylogenetic

Question 9

changes that occur at the level of an individual.

Answer 9

ontogenetic

Question 10

the origination and development of an organism usually from the time of fertilization of the egg to adulthood. The term can also be used to refer to the study of the entirety of an organism’s lifespan.

Answer 10

ontogeny

Question 11

can be conceptualized as the portion of physical, cognitive, emotional, and social development that can be attributed to experiences with the environment and the individuals within the environment.

Answer 11

ontogenetic development

Question 12

is due to events that occur over the lifetime of an individual. Ontogenetic history builds on species history to determine when, where, and what kind of behavior will occur at a given moment.

Answer 12

ontrogenetic behavior

Question 13

It refers to changes in body-size and structure functioning of various body systems, brain development, perceptual and motor development.

Answer 13

Physical and motor development

Question 14

It refers to the development of cognitive and intellectual processes, including memory, attention, intelligence, academic knowledge, problem solving, imagination and creativity. It also includes development of language.

Answer 14

Cognitive development

Question 15

It refers to how we develop relationships with other people, and how our emotions emerge and change as we grow older. It includes emotional communication and self-control, understanding of self and others, interpersonal skills, personality, and emergence of friendship and moral reasoning.

Answer 15

Socio-economic development

Question 16

gamete formation where daughter cells, or gametes, are produced at the end of meiosis II resulting in the production of sperm and egg. (1N = haploid)

Answer 16

gametogenesis

Question 17

fusion of sperm and egg to produce diploid (2N) zygote.

Answer 17

fertilization

Question 18

mitotic cell division of early embryo, eventually forming a blastula or blastodisc.

Answer 18

cleavage

Question 19

about 96 hours of fertilization.

Answer 19

morula

Question 20

A ball of more that 64-cells surrounding a fluid-filled cavity (the blastocoel)

produced by the repeated mitotic division of a zygote.

Answer 20

blastula

Question 21

is the developmental stage from the start of cleavage until the ninth week

Answer 21

embryo

Question 22

involves a series of cell migrations to positions where they will form the three primary cell layers: The Ectoderm, Endoderm, and the Mesoderm.

Answer 22

gastrulation

Question 23

forms the outer layer.

forms skin, hair, sweat glands, epithelium, brain and nervous system.

Answer 23

ectoderm

Question 24

forms the inner layer.

forms digestive, respiratory system, liver, pancreas, all bladder and endocrine glands such as thyroid and parathyroid glands.

Answer 24

endoderm

Question 25

forms the middle layer. forms the body muscles, cartilage, bone, blood, reproductive system organs and kidneys.

Answer 25

mesoderm

Question 26

continuous masses of cells in the 3 primary layers become split into smaller groups of cells each of which will develop into a specific organ or body part of an organism.

Answer 26

organogenesis

Question 27

organ rudiments

Answer 27

early formation

Question 28

growth of organ rudiments and acquisition of structure and physiochemical properties allowing them to function as adult structures.

Answer 28

Growth and Differentiation

Question 29

begins to form organs during the third week ; cannot tell if it is human or other vertebrate. Tail is visible.

Answer 29

embryo

Question 30

Also called parturition, is the culmination of pregnancy. It usually occurs within 15 days of the calculated due date (280 days from the last menstrual period)

Answer 30

childbirth

Question 31

the series of events that expel the infant from the uterus

Answer 31

labor

Question 32

In this period, the single-celled organism changes into a human baby within the womb.

Answer 32

Prenatal period

Question 33

Rapid changes in the body and brain help several sensory, motor, social and cognitive capacities to emerge.

Answer 33

Infancy and toddlerhood

Question 34

Motor skills are refined, language develops, ties are formed with peers, and the child learns through play.

Answer 34

Early childhood

Question 35

These are the school years when the child acquires literacy skills, thought processes are refined, friendships emerge and self-concept is formed.

Answer 35

Middle Childhood

Question 36

This period is marked by puberty which signals the onset of rapid physical and hormonal changes, emergence of abstract thinking, secual maturity, stronger peer ties, sense of self and autonomy from prenatal control.

Answer 36

Adolescence

Question 37

This is the stage of life when the youngster leaves home for the sake of education, ot to find career, and to form intimate relationships leading to marriage and having children.

Answer 37

Early adulthood

Question 38

At this stage the person is at the peak of their career, there is a need to help children begin independent lives, and to look after their own parents who are aging.

Answer 38

Middle adulthood

Question 39

This period is marked by retirement from work, decrease in stamina and physical health, bonding with grand-children, and dealing with impending old age and death of self and spouse.

Answer 39

Late adulthood

Question 40

A development view of environmental factors organized as concentric circles of systems.

Answer 40

Ecological system theory

Question 41

An immediate environment at home and interactions between them and the child’s own characteristics.

Answer 41

Micro-system

Question 42

Consist of the relationships between family members and school and neighborhood.

Answer 42

Meco-system

Question 43

Refers to the influences of indirect agencies such as the work-place of the parents or community services.

Answer 43

Exo-system

Question 44

Refers to the time dimension.

Answer 44

Chronosystem

Question 45

The process by which a cell divides into two and duplicates its genetic material

Answer 45

cell cycle

Question 46

it divides two new identical cells

Answer 46

binary fission

Question 47

interphase includes

Answer 47

G1 S Phase G2

Question 48

This phase, the longest and most dynamic part of a cell’s life, is not part of cell division.

Answer 48

interphase

Question 49

primary growth phase of the cell. It occupies the major portion of the life span of the cell (interphase)

Answer 49

G1

Question 50

is when the strands of DNA duplicate themselves. (interphase)

Answer 50

S Phase

Question 51

the final phase for the preparation of cell division. It occurs between DNA replication and onset of mitosis

Answer 51

G2 Phase

Question 52

process of cellular reproduction that occurs in the nucleus and forms two identical nuclei.

Answer 52

mitosis

Question 53

a reduction division of the nuclear material so that each gamete contains only half as much hereditary material as the parent cell.

Answer 53

meiosis

Question 54

Homologous chromosomes pair and crossing-over may occur Spindle fibers form, the nuclear membrane breaks down, and the chromosomes are attached to the spindle by their centromeres.

Answer 54

prophase I

Question 55

Microtubules attach to the kinetochore on one side of the centromere. Homologous pairs of chromosomes align along the equator of the spindle.

Answer 55

Metaphase I

Question 56

The centromeres do not divide. The microtubules of the spindle shorten and pull the centromeres of the chromosomes to opposite poles, one member of each pair to a pole.

Answer 56

Anaphase I

Question 57

A member of each pair of homologous chromosomes is at each pole. The number of chromosomes has been reduced in half. They are now haploid but still duplicated.

Answer 57

Telophase I

Question 58

In each daughter cell a spindle forms, centrioles move to opposite poles, and the chromosomes coil and thicken

Answer 58

Prophase II

Question 59

The chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell attached by the microtubules of the spindle Microtubules bind to both kinetochores of the centromere

Answer 59

Metaphase II

Question 60

The centromeres divide The spindle fibers contract pulling the sister chromatids apart, one to each pole of the spindle

Answer 60

Anaphase II

Question 61

The chromatids arrive at each pole, where they uncoil and decondense A new nuclear membrane forms around the chromatids, and the spindle disappears Four haploid cells are formed as cytokinesis is completed

Answer 61

Telophase II

Question 62

are endocrine hormones that control the development of sex organs before birth, sexual maturation at puberty, and reproduction once sexual maturation has occurred.

Answer 62

sex hormones

Question 63

Commonly known as the Sperm Production

Answer 63

Spermatogenesis

Question 64

An additional process that strips excess cytoplasm from the spermatid

Answer 64

Spermiogenesis

Question 65

Three hundred million are produced daily and can live up to 48 hours in the female reproductive tract.

Answer 65

spermatozoa

Question 66

helmetlike structure anterior to the nucleus containing enzymes, which is produced by the Golgi apparatus and is similar to a large lysosome.

Answer 66

acrosome

Question 67

stimulates the development of follicles in the ovaries of females and the production of sperm cells in males

Answer 67

FSH

Question 68

stimulates ovulation and production of progesterones in females and the production of testosterone in males

Answer 68

LH

Question 69

are eggs in various stages of development.

Answer 69

Ovarian Follicles

Question 70

A mature follicle with a mature egg

Answer 70

graafian follicle

Question 71

stimulate development of female secondary sex characteristics.

Answer 71

estrogen

Question 72

the main hormonal product of the corpus luteum. acts with estrogen to bring about the menstrual cycle. But its main job is to get your uterus ready for pregnancy. During pregnancy, it quiets the muscles of the uterus so that an implanted embryo will not be aborted and helps prepare breast tissue for lactation.

Answer 72

progesterone

Question 73

Endometrium sloughs off and bleeding occurs. Ovarian hormones (estrogen) are at their lowest levels. The zona pellucida develops around each egg and about 20 primary follicles become secondary follicles, but only ONE attains maturity while the others die.

Answer 73

Menstrual phase

Question 74

Endometrium is repaired, thickens, and becomes well vascularized in response to increasing levels of estrogens. The egg ruptures from the follicle in the process of ovulation.

Answer 74

Proliferative phase

Question 75

The corpus luteum begins to secrete estrogen and progesterone. Endometrial glands begin to secrete nutrients, and lining becomes more vascular in response to increasing level of progesterone. If fertilization and implantation do not ocur, the corpus luteum degenerates and becomes the corpus albicans. If fertilization and implantation do occur, the corpus luteum is maintaned for 4 months by human chorionic gonadrothropin produced by the developing placenta.

Answer 75

Secretory phase

Question 76

hormone producedduring pregnancy which stimulates the corpus luteum of the ovary to continue producing estrogens and progesterone so thatthe lining of the uterus is not sloughed off in menses.

Answer 76

Human Chorionic Gonadrothropin (hCG)

Question 77

a series of rapid mitotic divisions (without cell growth) where the overall size of the embryo does not increase.

Answer 77

cleavage

Question 78

is the dramatic rearrangement (movement) of cells in the blastula to create the embryonic tissue layers. These tissue layers will go on to produce the tissues and organs of the adult animal.

Answer 78

gastrulation

Question 79

After fertilization, the zygote divides into 2 daughter cells called

Answer 79

blastomere

Question 80

Fluid within the intercellular spaces of the morula gradually increases, and spaces on one side of the inner cell mass come together, forming a single cavity

Answer 80

blastocele

Question 81

will form the invading placenta

Answer 81

trophoblast

Question 82

The cavity of the blastocele fills with fluid, and the conceptus is now called

Answer 82

blastocyst

Question 83

is derived from the inner cell mass and lies above the hypoblast gives rise to the three primary germ layers (ectoderm, definitive endoderm, and mesoderm) and to the extraembryonic mesoderm of the visceral yolk sac, the allantois, and the amnion.

Answer 83

epiblast

Question 84

a transient structure which contributes to the development of the extraembryonic mesoderm and yolk sac and plays a key role in signaling to establish axial patterning in the embryo itself.

Answer 84

hypoblast

Question 85

formed during the third week, and three germ layers develop

Answer 85

primitive streak

Question 86

Primitive node epiblast cells invaginate and migrate anteriorly with some endoderm cells Rod defining the body axis is formed Future site of the vertebral column

Answer 86

notochord

Question 87

developed from the closure of the neural plate and the neural fl=old (a process called neurulation) at about 21 to 26 days.

Answer 87

neural tube

Question 88

About day 20, the mesoderm divides into paired bodies called Located on either side of the developing neural tube, these paired bodies give rise to the skeleton and muscle tissue

Answer 88

somites

Question 89

It is the type of asexual reproduction involving the development of female gametes without any fertilization

Answer 89

PARTHENOGENESIS

Question 90

In certain animals, parthenogenesis occurs naturally in their life cycles

Answer 90

Natural Parthenogenesis