Nature Of Communication

Question 1

Code

Answer 1

A complex pattern of associations of the units of a communication system. In language, those units could be sound units, meaningful units such as words, or meaningful units that are larger than words such as phrases, clauses, and sentences.

Question 2

Encode

Answer 2

To put a message into code

Question 3

Grammar

Answer 3

The system (pattern) of elements (such as words) and of the rules of phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics inherent in a language. Refers also to the study of those rules.

Question 4

Decode

Answer 4

To react to a message in a way that reflects the reason that the sender encoded it.

Question 5

Phonological System

Answer 5

In language, the grammar (pattern) of sounds of a language.

Question 6

Lexicon

Answer 6

A mental dictionary, the vocabulary that one has stored in the brain.

Question 7

Morphological rules

Answer 7

Words used to construct words from their component parts.

Question 8

Syntax

Answer 8

The set of rules a person uses to form units of a language larger than words. The study of those rules.

Question 9

Semantics

Answer 9

The study of meaning

Question 10

Linguistic competence

Answer 10

The (mostly) subconscious knowledge of language that allows a speaker to create a potentially infinite number of messages

Question 11

Productivity

Answer 11

The ability to produce messages that one has never produced before and to understand messages that one has never heard or seen before

Question 12

Linguistic performance

Answer 12

The application of linguistic competence to actually producing an utterance

Question 13

Delivery system of language

Answer 13

The way in which knowledge of language (linguistic competence) is used to send a message. The three basic ways of delivering a message are speech, writing, and sign language.

Question 14

Verbal

Answer 14

Language: speech, writing, or sign language

Question 15

Nonverbal

Answer 15

Not language: any communication that is not conveyed through speech, writing, or sign language

Question 16

Synchrony

Answer 16

He connection and relationship between two or more things that occur at the same time

Question 17

Culture shock

Answer 17

The disorientation and anxiety that occurs when social expectations are not met

Question 18

Ethnocentrism

Answer 18

The act of judging other cultures by the standards of your culture; the belief that your culture is superior to others.

Question 19

Pheromone

Answer 19

A chemical that is secreted by one individual and acts from a distance on another individual to alter that individual’s behavior

Question 20

Redundancy

Answer 20

Occurs when the same message (or elements of a message) is encoded in different ways and is simultaneously sent to the receiver of the message.

Question 21

Sound spectrograph

Answer 21

An instrument used to analyze sound by producing a visual record of sound in terms of the time duration of the sound, its frequency (number of occurrences within a specific amount of time), and its amplitude (degree of loudness)

Question 22

Calls

Answer 22

Usually relatively short vocal signals that might communicate a variety if messages

Question 23

Songs

Answer 23

Longer, more complex sequences of sound that, in birds, are usually associated with attracting a mate. Songs are species specific.

Question 24

Openness

Answer 24

The ability to add new words, phrases, or other meaningful units to a language.

Question 25

Discrete signal

Answer 25

A signal that does not blend with other signals

Question 26

Arbitrary

Answer 26

Features of language, such as words, have no direct relationship to their meaning

Question 27

Stimulus-bound

Answer 27

A behavior that occurs only as the result of a specific environmental trigger (occurrence)

Question 28

Displacement

Answer 28

The ability to communicate about things at times other than the present and to communicate about things not directly in front of the sender and/or receiver

Question 29

Prevarication

Answer 29

The ability to communicate about things that are not verifiable, things for which there is no empirical proof

Question 30

Clever Hans effect

Answer 30

The name given to the fact that a nonhuman's or human's behavior might be influenced or directed by subtle and often unintentional cues of others. In terms of experimentation, these cues might reflect a researcher's expectations of what the results of the experiment should be

Question 31

Broca's area of the Brain

Answer 31

The area of the brain that controls the larynx, lips, tongue, and other areas of the digestive and respiratory systems involved with oral and facial fine motor skills in the production of speech

Question 32

Wernicke's area of the brain

Answer 32

One of the areas of the brain that is involved with the comprehension of speech and the selection of lexical items

Question 33

Broca's aphasia

Answer 33

A condition caused by damage to Broca's area of the brain and is characterized by problems in the production of speech and loss of some grammatical understanding of language

Question 34

Wernicke's aphasia

Answer 34

Damage to Wernicke's area of the brain and characterized by speech that includes lexical errors and nonsense words

Question 35

Communication

Answer 35

Behavior that affects the behavior of others by the transmission of information.