Nature of Law Enforcement Flashcards
(39 cards)
1
Q
MEDIEVAL
What was law enforcement like in anglosaxon england?
A
- Community - everyone knew everyone else and most people had a strong sense of duty towards their community - explaining low crime rates
2
Q
MEDIEVAL
What were tithings in anglo saxon period?(2)
A
- Shire divided into hundreds, each hundred into ten tithing
- All males over 12 in a group of 10 were responsible for each other’s behaviour
3
Q
MEDIEVAL
What was hue and cry in anglo saxon period?
A
- The victim or a witness to a crime raised a hue and cry by shouting to alert others
- Anyone who heard the hue and cry was expected to chase and help catch the suspected criminal
4
Q
MEDIEVAL
How were courts used in anglo saxon period?(3)
A
- Local shire courts for lesser cases
- petty crimes in hundred courts
- Royal Court in London for serious cases
5
Q
MEDIEVAL
What was trial by ordeal in anglo saxon england?(2)
A
- If jury in courts couldn’t decide, accused was handed over to the church to determine if they were guilty or innocent
- Hot/Cold water, iron or consecrated bread
6
Q
MEDIEVAL
What were the changes from anglo saxon england to norman england in terms of law enforcement?(2)
A
- Parish constables - local people nominated by community, unpaid position, held the post for a year
- Led chase for criminals after hue and cry was given to try and keep the peace
7
Q
MEDIEVAL
What was Night Watch?
A
Volunteers could patrol the streets, suspected criminals caught and handed to constables
8
Q
MEDIEVAL
What was the Assize of clarendon? What did it do?
A
- 1166
- Sets up prison and reorganised courts where Royal judges tried serious crimes
9
Q
MEDIEVAL
When was trial by ordeal abolished?
A
1215 - start of Trial by Jury
10
Q
MEDIEVAL
When were JPs centrally appointed local judges? What could they do?
A
- 1361
- Could hear minor crimes in small courts, appointed by the monarch
11
Q
MEDIEVAL –> EARLY MODERN
What was the continuity from medieval to early modern period?(5)
A
- Hue and cry
- No national police force
- Parish constables still used to protect citizens from crime
- Royal judges still visited each country twice a year
- Church courts used to judge church men
12
Q
EARLY MODERN PERIOD
Why were there changes in law enforcement in the early modern period?(3)
A
- Due to increasing size of populations of towns
-more organised system put in place - role of the church decreased
- role of JPs increased as they could hand out community punishments
13
Q
EARLY MODERN
What was the change in Benefit of the Clergy?(2)
A
- 1576 abolished
- Church courts couldn’t try criminal acts(only moral ones), everyone tried in secular courts
14
Q
EARLY MODERN
Why was the benefit of the clergy brought to an end for serious crimes?(2)
A
- More people could read and were able to claim benefit of the clergy using the ‘neck verse’ Psalm 51
- where a verse from the Bible was read to prove their connection to the Church
15
Q
EARLY MODERN
What were the changes of sanctuary? When was it abolished?
A
- Henry VIII stopped exile abroad, instead they had to keep to designated sanctuaries
- James I 1623 - abolished sanctuary
16
Q
EARLY MODERN
What were Night watchmen?(5)
A
- Carried a lamp to light their way
- Rang a bell to alert people
- Male volunteers, unpaid
- Patrolled the streets between 10pm and dawn
- Overseen by Town Constable
17
Q
EARLY MODERN
What were town constables?(5)
A
- Employed authorities in towns - paid
- Respected members of the community
- Could arrest suspects and take them to JPs
- In charge of watchmen
- Helped with Town Administration
18
Q
EARLY MODERN
What were the changes to JPs?
A
- Four times a year, JPs would meet with other JPs from across England at quarter sessions.
- Here they would judge more serious cases of crime and had the power to sentence an offender to death.
19
Q
EARLY MODERN –> INDUSTRIAL
What was the continuity in industrial period from early modern period?(2)
A
- Watchmen continued to patrol cities
- Parish constables dealt with petty crimes
20
Q
INDUSTRIAL
When were the Bow Street Runners set up?
A
- 1749
21
Q
INDUSTRIAL
Who were the Bow Street Runners?(4)
A
- Set up by Henry Fielding and his brother John who took over in 1754
- Tracked down criminals and stolen property
- First modern ‘detectives’ as they introduced new methods of finding evidence to bring criminals to justice
- Beginnings of a crime intelligence network, shared information on crimes and suspects
22
Q
INDUSTRIAL
When did the Bow street runners patrol the streets?
A
1754
23
Q
INDUSTRIAL
When were the Bow street runners paid by the government?
A
1785
24
Q
INDUSTRIAL
When and what was the Metropolitan Police?
A
- 1829
- Britain’s first professional police force in London
25
# INDUSTRIAL
When and what was the Detective department at MET police?
- 1842
- Set up at MET police force headquarters in london
26
# INDUSTRIAL
When and what is the Police act?
1856 - Forced all towns and counties to set up a proffesional police force
27
# INDUSTRIAL
When was a national crime record set up? What was it for?
1869 - system set up to save and share information about crime across the different police forces
28
# INDUSTRIAL
When was it set up and what was the CID?
1878
29
# INDUSTRIAL
What was the 1856 Police Act?(3)
- Compulsory across the whole country to have a police force
- All forces funded by government and regularly inspected by officials
- Aim overall was to deter crime
30
# INDUSTRIAL
What were the 3 main police duties based on the 1856 Police Act?
Police officers duties:
- keep law and order
- preventing crime through patrolling streets and arresting criminals
- detect criminals
31
# INDUSTRIAL--> MODERN
What was the change and continuity of law enforcement in modern period?
- law enforcement as mixture of community run and authority based,
- it is now the police that take on the greater role in solving and preventing crime
32
# MODERN
What were the changes in policing? What were the three main police advancements?
- More about preventing crime as well as catching criminals
33
# MODERN
What were the three main police advancements?
1. motorised transport meaning that police can reach crimes faster but it also means fewer police officers on the street which some don’t like,
2. some police officers are now armed and look more like soldiers which not everyone supports,
3. Modern police force includes women and officers from different ethnic groups
34
# MODERN
Why were there special police units?
- Reasons for special police units in order to tackle specific types of crime: changes in technology and challenges the police face
35
# MODERN
What were examples of special police units in the modern period?
- National Crime Agency - seeks to detect and prevent serious organised crime, including large scale drug trafficking
- Economic Crime Unit - investigates large scale fraud, specialist understanding of financial systems required by officers
- Police Central e-crime unit - tackles most serious types of cybercrimes and raises awareness on e-safety
- Special Branch - each local force has a special branch which aims to prevent all forms of terrorism
36
# MODERN
When was Neighbourhood Watch set up?
1982
37
# MODERN
What was neighbourhood watch in the modern period?
- Groups have used volunteers to help prevent and detect crime in their neighbourhood
- Main idea was to increase vigilance and education to prevent crime and reduce the fear of crime, also to make communities safer and stronger
38
# MODERN
What else showed a move towards prevention in the modern period in 2002? What did they do?
- Police Community Support Officers(PCSOs) were introduced
- Tried to prevent crime in their communtiies, police work with schools and community groups
- Help educate people to protect themselves and their property
- Deal with issues that might lead to crime like antisocial behaviour and drunkenness - stop and search, confiscating alcohol, controlling traffic
39
# MODERN
What uses of science and technology have there been since 1900 modern period?(5)
- 1933 - Radios - two way radios allowed for instant communicatio between officers and headquarters as well as between officers
- DNA evidence and fingerprints - new forms of evidence for police to charge suspects and it meant that police no longer had to catch criminals in the act to arrest them meaning they could catch them long after the crime had been committed
- Cars, motorbikes and helicopters - these mean that officer response speed has increased, police helicopters can help track suspects
- CCTV recordings - help identify suspects
- Computers - databases to store information and keep track of re-offenders and criminals
