nature v nurture✅

Question 1

what is nature

what is nurture

(think Ancestors and Universe)

Answer 1

• nature = genetics

- nurture = environment

Question 2

NATURE:

what does Descartes say?

definition of heredity

Answer 2

• human characteristics are innate and the result of heredity
• genetic transmission of mental and physical from one generation to another

Question 3

NATURE:

what do empiricists say? (innate) (Locke)

what is the heritability coefficient?

Answer 3

• argue the mind is a blank slate at birth which is written on with learning snd experience
• numerical figure rating from 0 - 1.0 which indicates the extent to which a characteristic has a genetic basis.

Question 4

NURTURE:

what does the environment do?

what are the different levels to an environment that Lerner identified? (3 pre- natal term)

Answer 4

• influences behav. thats non genetic, ranges from pre - natal (womb) to cultural on a societal level

1- mothers physical + psychological state during pregnancy

2- through post - natal experience such as conditions the child grows up in

3- cultural and historical context they’re part of

Question 5

RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF HEREDITY + ENVIRONMENT:

what are the 3 key factors?

Answer 5

1️⃣ interactionist approach

2️⃣ diathesis stress model

3️⃣ epigenetics

Question 6

1️⃣ interactionist approach

what does it say about nature and nurture?

how does this link to attachment?

Answer 6

• idea that N + N are linked to such an extent it doesn’t make sense to separate … they study how they interact and influence each other
• patterns between an infant and its parents are often the result of a ‘two way street’ in which a Childs innate temperament will influence the way its parents respond to it and their response will affect the child behaviour.

Question 7

2️⃣ diathesis stress model:

what is it?

what does it suggest about psychopathology?

what did Tienari find about a group of Finnish adoptees?

Answer 7

• models of mental illnesses which emphasise the interaction of N + N tend to be most persuasive
• caused by biological / genetic vulnerability (diathesis) which is only expressed when paired with a bio. or env. trigger (stressor)
• there most likely to develop schizophrenia if they have relatives with the disorder (vulnerability) and had relationships with their adoptive families that were defined as dysfunctional (trigger)

Question 8

3️⃣ epigenetics:

what is it?

when does it happens and how?

how does it effect lifestyle?

what do these marks tell our body?

Answer 8

• changes in genetic activity w/o changing our genetic code
• process that happens throughout life and is caused by an interaction with the environment
• aspects of our lifestyle and the events we encounter eg. diet, leave epigenetic marks on our DNA
• tells us which genes to ignore and which to use, could influence the genes in our children

Question 9

AO3:

✅ 2 strengths

Answer 9

✅ emprircists would suggest that any behave. can be changes by altering environmental conditions. behaviour shaping has had practical application in therapy, desirable behav. are selectively reinforced and undesired are ignored - external validity is increased

✅ Scarr and Mcartney placed a theory of gene evironment, passive interaction (how parents genes affect the why they treat there children), evocative interaction ( Childs genes shape and influence the environment they grow up) and active interaction (child creates own environment through the ppl and experiences is selects. - internal validity is increased