Natures Chemistry

Question 1

What is meant by the term satuarated

Answer 1

A compound that only contains Corbin to carbon single bonds

Question 2

What Is meant by the term unsaturated

Answer 2

A compound that contains at least 1 carbon to carbon double bond

The more double bonds there are the more unsaturated the compound it

Question 3

3 types of addition reaction

Answer 3

Hydration, hydrogenation, halogenation

Question 4

What happens during a hydration reaction

Answer 4

An aliens us reacted with water to produce an alcohol

Question 5

What happens during a hydrogenation reaction?

Answer 5

An alkene reacts with hydrogen gas to form an alkane

Question 6

What happens during a halogenation reaction?

Answer 6

An alkene is reacted with HBr or HCl to become a haloalkane or a halogen to become a dihaloalkane

Question 7

Describe the test and resulting outcomes used to differentiate between saturated and unsaturated compounds

Answer 7

Unsaturated compounds will decolourise bromine water

Saturated compounds will not it will stay orange

Question 8

What is meant by the term isomer

Answer 8

Compounds with the molecular formula but different structural formula

Question 9

Functional group of an alcohol

Answer 9

Hydroxyl -OH

Question 10

What is meant by the term primary alcohol

Answer 10

Has an OH group attached to a carbon atom which is only liked to one other carbon atom

Question 11

What is meant by the term secondary alcohol

Answer 11

Type of alcohol where the OH group is attached to a carbon atom which is linked to two other carbon atoms

Question 12

What is meant by the term tertiary alcohol

Answer 12

Type of alcohol where the OH group is attached to a carbon atom which is linked to three other carbon atoms

Question 13

What is meant by the term diol

Answer 13

An alcohol with 2 OH groups

Question 14

What is meant by the term troop

Answer 14

An alcohol with 3 OH groups

Question 15

Impact of adding a hydroxyl group on the boiling point of an alcohol

Answer 15

increases the number of hydrogen bonds it can form which in turn increases the boiling point

Question 16

Impact of increasing the number of hydroxyl groups on the solubility of alcohols

Answer 16

Makes it more soluble in water because the molecule becomes more polar

Question 17

Functional group in a carboxylic acid

Answer 17

Carboxyl

Question 18

Identify three reactions that carboxylic acids can have with bases

Answer 18

Metal oxide + carboxylic acids -> salt, water

Metal hydroxide + carboxylic acid -> salt, water

Metal carbonate + carboxylic acid-> salt, water, CO2

Question 19

3 examples of the used of esters

Answer 19

Flavourings, fragrances, solvents

Question 20

Name the reaction the forms esters

Answer 20

Condensation

Question 21

Name the reaction that breaks esters apart

Answer 21

Hydrolysis

Question 22

Name the specific types of compounds that can react with each other to form esters

Answer 22

Carboxylic acids and alcohols

Question 23

Describe a condensation reaction

Answer 23

When two small molecules combine and water is removed from the resulting larger molecule

Question 24

Describe a hydrolysis reaction

Answer 24

When a large molecules combine and is broken down into smaller molecules through the addition of water

Question 25

Describe how edible fats and oils are made

Answer 25

Through a condensation reaction of glycerol and 3 fatty acids

Question 26

Systematic name for glycerol

Answer 26

Propan- 1,2,3-triol

Question 27

Explain fully the difference in melting point between fats and oils

Answer 27

Fats have a higher melting point than oils because they contain more saturated fatty acids . Saturated fats can pack tightly together creating stronger intermolecular forces which leads to a higher melting point

Question 28

Describe the test for saturation

Answer 28

Bromine water- unsaturated compounds will decolourise bromine water

Question 29

Purpose of fats and oils in our body

Answer 29

Fats and oils are a concentrated source of energy. They are essential for the transport and storage of fat-solvable vitamins in our body

Question 30

Name the reaction used to form soaps

Answer 30

Alkaline hydrolysis

Question 31

Explain fully how soaps are formed

Answer 31

Soaps are produced by the alkaline hydrolysis of edible fats and oils This Hydrolysis produces 3 fatty acid molecules and glycerol The fatty acid molecules are then neutralised by an alkali forming ionic (water soluable) salts which we call soaps

Question 32

State the use of soaps

Answer 32

Used to remove oils, grease and other non polar substances

Question 33

Explain how soaps work

Answer 33

Soaps have a polar hydrophilic head and a nonpolar hydrophobic tail When agitated soaps form micelles The micelles do not combine together again due to the negative heads repelling each other

Question 34

What is meant by the term hard water

Answer 34

Water containing high levels of dissolved metal ions. Scum (an in soluable precipitate) is commonly found in areas which have hard water

Question 35

What type of compound is more useful than soap in areas of hard water due to the high levels of dissolved metal ions

Answer 35

Detergent

Question 36

Describe what is meant by the term ‘soapless detergent’

Answer 36

Soapless detergents have non polar hydrophobic tails and ionic hydrophilic head to remove oil and grease like normal soaps They DO NOT form scum with hard water so are best used in areas which suffer from this

Question 37

Purpose of an emulsifier

Answer 37

Emulsifiers prevent non polar and polar liquids separating into layers

Question 38

Explaination of how emulsifiers work

Answer 38

Have similar structures to fats and oils but have one or two fatty acid groups can be added to glycerol While this forms an ester link with the glycerol there is still unused hydroxyl groups This means that there is a non polar hydrophobic part which can dissolve in oil and a polar hydrophilic (OH) group which can dissolve in water

Question 39

State the role of proteins

Answer 39

Proteins are major structural materials of animal tissues and are essential for the maintenance regulation of life processes

Question 40

What are proteins made from

Answer 40

amino acids

Question 41

Name the two functional groups found in an amino acid

Answer 41

Amino group and a carboxyl group

Question 42

Reaction used to form proteins

Answer 42

Condensation

Question 43

When amino acids join to form proteins which. Impound is eliminated

Answer 43

Water

Question 44

Functional group found in a protein

Answer 44

Peptide link

Question 45

What is meant by an essential amino acid

Answer 45

Cannot be synthesised by body and must be obtained though the diet

Question 46

Name of reaction that occurs when proteins are broken down

Answer 46

Hydrolysis

Question 47

What happens to proteins during digestion

Answer 47

Broken down into their amino acids

Question 48

What happens to proteins when heated

Answer 48

The bonds between their molecules break. This causes the proteins to denature meaning that they lose their natural shape and structure

Question 49

How proteins get their shape

Answer 49

The molecules form spirals, sheets or other complex shapes which are held together by intermolecular forces

Question 50

What is meant by the term oxidation

Answer 50

Loss of electrons and can increase the oxygen:hydrogen ratio

Question 51

What is meant by the term reduction

Answer 51

Process of gaining electrons which can lead to a decrease in the ratio of oxygen to hydrogen in a molecule

Question 53

Explain the oxidation of primary alcohols

Answer 53

Primary alcohols can undergo partial oxidation to form an aldehyde which can further oxidise to become a carboxylic acid

Question 54

Explain the oxidation of secondary alcohols

Answer 54

When secondary alcohols are oxidised they form ketones unlike alcohols ketones cannot be further oxidised

Question 55

Colour change observed when using hot copper oxide as an oxidising agent

Answer 55

Black to brown solid

Question 56

Describe how the colour of acidified dichromate changes during an oxidation