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1
Q

aim of basic phase

A

introduce to ct-142
intro to flight ops & multicrew environment
develop nav and comms call

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2
Q

what is INS

A

inertial navigation system: a navigation aid that uses a computer and accelerometers to continously calculate via DR the position, orientation and velocity of a moving object w/o external references

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3
Q

generic INS components

A

accelerometers
computers
cdu
stable platform

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4
Q

advantages of INS (6)

A 
self-contained
undetectable
unjammable
all wx
worlwide ops
accurate px and very accurate altittude
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5
Q

how INS calculates positions

A

acceleration = velocity -> velocity = distance

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6
Q

mechanical INS

A

free moving stable platform that uses gymbals and gyros to maintain a level reference for the accelerometers to sense movement

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7
Q

strapdown INS

A

all modern INS’s mounted to the a/c frame. the level reference is calculated by computers

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8
Q

advantages of a strapdown system (reduces):

A

weight/hardware
power consumption
maintenance
cost

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9
Q

advantages of a strapdown system (increases):

A

reliability

service life

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10
Q

what is an accelerometer

A

a basic device for measuring accelerations

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11
Q

desired characteristics of an accelerometer (4)

A

low threshold of sensitivity
wide range of sensitivity
linear output
high resolution

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12
Q

basic part of stable platform (5)

A 
gyros
gimbals
ac servo motors or DC torque motors
resolvers
synchros
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13
Q

parts of a simple gyro (3)

A

rotor
spin axis
gimbal

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14
Q

properties of a gyro

A

rigidity

precession

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15
Q

two types of precessions

A

real

apparent

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16
Q

what is the RLG in CT-142

A

honeywell

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17
Q

what are the parts of the honeywell (7)

A 
cervit block
mirrors
prism
cathode
anode
inert gas
photo cells
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18
Q

how does the honeywell work

A

uses angular rates of motion (phase difference)

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19
Q

2 types of errors of the RLG

A 
lock in (caused by non-perfect optics = back scatterint)
differential path length (Tc diff between cervit caveties)
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20
Q

what is the fix for back scattering

A

dithering

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21
Q

what are the main advantages to integration/hybridization

A

improved accuracy

better chance of mission completion

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22
Q

what are the main disadvantages of integration/hybridization

A

loss of self-containment

loss of covertness

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23
Q

define leveling

A

no component of gravity sensed by x and y accelerometers

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24
Q

what is azimuth alignment

A

alignment of the azimuth sensitive axis to True North

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25
what are the 10 initial conditions
2 initial px coordinates (lat/long) 2 inital velocities 3 initial orientations 3 orientation rates
26
what are the types of alignment (4)
self-alignment (most popular) reference alignment moving allignment in-flight alignment
27
what is the self-alignment sequence (6)
``` initialization warm-up coarse leveling coarse alignenment fine leveling fine alignment ```
28
what are high latitude alignement problems
undetectable tilt preventing initiation of gyro compassing | inability to accurately resolve True North
29
types of alignment errors (2)
unbounded: leveling gryo drift, azimuth gyro drift, inital azimuth misalignment bounded: inital levelling, accelerometers, velocity errors
30
what is schuler theory
tilt error that tries to self-correct but then applies real gravity in the process. takes 84.4min for the cycle to repeat itself
31
what are the two components of the honeywell IRS
IRU inertial reference system | MSU mode selector unit
32
what is contained in the IRU (4)
inertial sensor assembly microprocessors power supply a/c electronic interfaces
33
What does the MSU provide (3)
inertial mode selection status indication remote test initiation
34
what are the modes of operation of the IRS (4)
off align nav attitude
35
what is provided to the FMS from the NAV mode of the IRS (8)
``` a/c altitude body rates body acceleration true heading velocity vectors wind data lat/long inertial altitude ```
36
what are the alignment requirements of the IRS
enter present px via FMS IRU conducts reasonability test of new px if the new px is >1° of stored value = test fail entering identical coords twice will override
37
what does the IRU feed to ATS (6)
``` true heading true track present lat/long inertial g/s wind velocity & direction system status ```
38
what is the system that is most prone to failure during IRS initialization and alignment sequence
emulated INS
39
how many waypoints can be entered
20
40
what are the controls and display of the INS
nav sensor selection panel emulated INS control panel INS DID display
41
what is the principle of GPS
measures ranges between receiver and satellites
42
what are the 2 types of apparent precession
earth rate | transport wander
43
what are unique capabilities of the GPS
``` 3D velocity and time global coverage continous passive unlimited resistant allows common grid reference (3 very gross children pucked up red ants) ```
44
what are the 3 parts of the GPS system
space segment control segment user segment
45
what are the components of the user segment of the GPS
``` Antenna Computer Signal processing equipment oscillator (ACSO) ```
46
what are the 2 navigation services
sps (standard positioning service) | pps (precise positioning service)
47
what are 3 types of GPS receivers
sequencial multiplex continous
48
what are the type of codes for the GPS
c/a codes (37) p code y codes (p codes encrypted)
49
what are the operating frequencies of L1 and L2
1575. 42 | 1227. 6
50
what is pseudo ranging
3d position could be established with 3 satellites but due to inherent clock errors in the satellite, we need a 4th to resolve px using pseudo ranging
51
what is contained in nav msg from GPS (5)
``` clock correction ephemeris data ephemeris data gps NOTAMs Almanac/health status ```
52
what are the components of the FMS (7)
``` 2 x CDUs 1 x DTU 2 x ACU 2 x Glareshield Advisorie 2 x GPS antennas config module ```
53
what are the FMS inputs (5)
``` AHRS DADC IRU DTU GPS ```
54
what are the FMS outputs (4)
flight instruments FGC IRU DTU
55
what is the kalman filter
it blends the 2 GPS positions with the IRU in a satistical model to determine the best position
56
what is in the FMS database
``` VORs Approaches & Rwy info NDBs En-route intersections SIDs STARS Airports with >4000' hard sfc rwy ```
57
what is the GPS process
satellite selection searching the sky satellite acquisition
58
what are two types GPS errors
User Radial Error | Dilution of Precision
59
what does LAAS and WAAS stand for and what do they do
local area augmentation system wide area augmentation system used to eliminate GPS errors
60
how many waypoints can be stored in the emulated GPS
20
61
what are the emulated GPS inputs (aircraft gps to emulated) (8)
``` gps position time satellite info system status altitude g/s ground track TAS ```
62
what are the GPS outputs (emulated to user interface) (6)
``` position & time satellite info altitude ground track g/s TAS ```
63
what is the TDS
tactical display system | a visual aid presents user specified information on display system to enhance situational and tactical awareness
64
what can be displayed on TDS
``` fly to points contacts reference marks vectors SAR patterns free form graphics range circles ```
65
3 sources of the TDS
GPS INS DR
66
what are the functions of the TDS
``` FTP reference marks lines (fixed vectors) lines (normal vectors) circles radar circle SAR patterns ```
67
what are the components of an ADF
adf receiver antenna RMI
68
what are the nav aids that use ADF
NDBs
69
what is the accuracy of the ADF
±3 degree
70
what is the range of the ADF
200nm (200kHz)- 50nm (1600kHz) and decreases at night
71
what is the ADF on the dh8 and what are its components
``` king 806 ARL radio compass receiver CDU antennas bearing indicators ```
72
what are the operating limits of the King 806
190.0 - 1799.0 kHz
73
what is a VOR
VHF omni directional range
74
accepted accuracy limitations of the VOR
±2.5 degrees
75
characteristics of the VOR
affected by echos from hills and bldgs 80° cone of confusion LOS
76
capabilites of a TACAN
``` LOS max 252 users cone of confusion 60° - 110° accuracy ±0.75° 1m slant range ```
77
what is the TACAN in dh8
King 709 TACAN | in the second avionics rack
78
What is an EPL
a line along which the A/C was known to have been at a particular time
79
what are 3 sources of position line
visual electronic celestial
80
what are the types of EPL
straight | curved
81
what are the advantages of fuel management
increase safety and efficiency conservation fuel on ferry flight optimize payload saving on fuel in long rage tactical flights efficiency fuel conservation on a long range flight when max range is required controls maybe adjusted in flight
82
what is the definition of cruise control
organized control of A/C in flight to obtain max flight profile efficiency
83
factors that affect fuel management
``` en-route weather w/c T°c fuel capacity fuel availability amount of fuel reserve req'd max T/O and Min landing weight payload distance ATC restriction ```
84
what is endurance
a specific speed and altitude to achieve the lowest FF -> max time A/B
85
what is range
specific speed and altitude to achieve max ground range/lb fuel
86
what is the specific fuel consumption
ratio of fuel used to the amount of thrust produced | Ff/ESHP
87
why do we manage fuel
ensure enough fuel for mission detect early fuel leaks check if fuel consumption matches predicted be aware of fuel in case of diversion or re-task
88
what is specific Air Range
measure of efficiency with which an a/c flies through the air SAR=TAS/FF
89
what is Specific Ground range
mesaur of efficiency with which an a/c flies over the ground SGR= G/S / FF
90
what factors causes change in planned fuel burn
``` ISA wind wx avoidance a/c not to spec fuel leak ATC rerouting ```
91
what is a radius of action
max ground distance that an a/c can fly from a start point and back to that start point in a specific time. Time out/time back = g/s back / g/s out
92
what is the point of safe return
a point beyond which an a/c cannot fly and return to it's own or same place withing a safe limit of endurance. SLE = total endurance - 1500lbs PSR = (SLE)G/S home / G/S out + G/S home
93
what is an ETP
a point on the intended track from which it will take the same amount time to fly to either critical point A/D
94
what are the deisred properties of a map
orthomorphic conformal sufficient details
95
what are the different types of map projections
cylindrical, conical and azymuthal
96
what are the most common projections used for topographical maps in the CF
lambert conformal | transverse mercator
97
what are the four ways to integrate INS
ground reference system in which a ground based flying system is intergrated with the INS GPS Dopple Celestial
98
what is the electrical requirement of the IRU
receives AC and DC power from the a/c 115v AC or 28v DC
99
what are the four ways to integrate INS
ground reference system in which a ground based flying system is intergrated with the INS GPS Dopple Celestial
100
what is the electrical requirement of the IRU
receives AC and DC power from the a/c 115v AC or 28v DC
101
What are characteristics of a Mercator projection
``` Great circles - curved Rhumb lines - straight Angle - correct Shape - correct Scale - correct and constant Size - correct ```
102
What is magnetic dip
Angle between the local horizon and total magnetic field
103
What is magnetic meridian
Direction of the horizontal component of the earth's mag field at a point
104
What is variation
Horizontal angle between true and mag north

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