Navigation

Question 1

What is a VOR?

Answer 1

Very High Frequency Omni-Directional Range (VOR) provides radials in all directions and is identified using Morse code.

Question 2

What is the frequency range for VORs?

Answer 2

108 to 117.95 MHz.

Question 3

What are the limitations of VOR?

Answer 3

Limited to line of sight with a cone of confusion within 1 mile.

Question 4

What equipment is required for VOR operation?

Answer 4

Must have an antenna, receiver, and indicator (CDI).

Question 5

What must be aligned for VOR use?

Answer 5

The OBS (Omni-Bearing Selector) must be aligned.

Question 6

What does VOR reference?

Answer 6

Reference to magnetic North.

Question 7

What is the LightHouse effect in VOR?

Answer 7

VORs send two signals: a rotating signal that does 30 revolutions per second and an omni-directional signal that pulses 30 times a second.

In simple terms: The Lighthouse effect happens when you’re too close to the VOR, and the signal gets all fuzzy and hard to read, just like being right next to a bright lighthouse.

Question 8

What is the VOR Check procedure?

Answer 8

VOR Checks are outlined in 91.171 and include +/- 4° error tolerance.

Question 9

What is a VOT?

Answer 9

VOR Test Facility (VOTS) provides a radial check, found in chart supplement.

Question 10

What is the error tolerance for VOR Ground Checkpoint?

Answer 10

+/- 4°.

Question 11

What is the error tolerance for VOR Airborne Checkpoint?

Answer 11

+/- 6°.

Question 12

What is a Dual VOR Check?

Answer 12

Using two VORs against each other with an error tolerance within 4°.

Question 13

What does DEPS stand for in VOR Check Signoff?

Answer 13

D - Date, E - Error, P - Place, S - Signature.

Question 14

What is DME?

Answer 14

Distance Measuring Equipment, typically paired with VORs, measures slant range.

Question 15

What is the minimum reading for DME?

Answer 15

DME will never read 0; when above the station, it will read 6000.

Question 16

What is the function of the CDI?

Answer 16

Course Deviation Indicator tells you how far off course you are.

Question 17

What does each dot on the CDI represent?

Answer 17

Each dot is 2°.

Question 18

What is the full scale deflection on the CDI?

Answer 18

Full scale is 10°.

Question 19

What is the HSI?

Answer 19

Horizontal Situational Indicator combines heading indicator and CDI with NAV system.

Question 20

What is Reverse Sensing?

Answer 20

Occurs when you’re flying reciprocal of the intended course.

Question 21

What is an NDB?

Answer 21

Non-Directional Beacon, ground-based receiver always paired with ADF.

Question 22

What does ADF do?

Answer 22

In an airplane, the ADF (Automatic Direction Finder) works like that magic arrow. It listens to special radio signals from a ground station, called an NDB (Non-Directional Beacon), and then it points the plane’s arrow (the needle) right to that beacon. The pilot just looks at the needle to know which direction to fly towards the beacon.

Question 23

What is the frequency range for ADF?

Answer 23

Operates off low AM frequency.

Question 24

What is Homing in navigation?

Answer 24

Not using any wind correction, only following the needle.

Question 25

What is Tracking in navigation?

Answer 25

Using wind correction to stay on course.

Question 26

What is GPS?

Answer 26

Global Positioning System with a minimum of 24 aviation satellites orbiting at 10,900 NM above Earth.

Question 27

What is RAIM?

Answer 27

Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring, requires a minimum of 5 satellites for integrity monitoring.

Question 28

What is WAAS?

Answer 28

Wide Area Augmentation System, requires a minimum of 6 satellites and improves GPS accuracy.

Question 29

What are the components of ILS? **G L A M**

Answer 29

**G**lideslope **L**ocalizer **A**pproach Lighting System, **M**arker Beacons (GLAM).

Question 30

What does the Glideslope provide?

Answer 30

Vertical guidance, typically operates between 2.5° to 3.5° slope.

Question 31

What does the Localizer provide?

Answer 31

Lateral guidance, located on the departure end of the runway.

Question 32

What is the coverage range for Localizer?

Answer 32

35° to each side of centerline for 10nm.

Question 33

What is the purpose of ALS?

Answer 33

Helps transition between Instrument to visual approach.

Question 34

What is the range for Precision Approach Lighting System?

Answer 34

Lighting starts 2400 to 3000 ft from the runway.

Question 35

What is the range for Non-Precision Approach Lighting System?

Answer 35

Lighting starts 1400 to 1500 ft from the runway.