Navigation

Question 1

How long is 1 nautical mile?

Answer 1

1852m

Question 2

What projection is a VTC?

Answer 2

Transverse Mercator projection

Question 3

Which way does longitude increase in the western hemisphere?

Answer 3

Higher numbers to the left

Question 4

How much time is in 1 degree of longitude?

Answer 4

4 minutes

Question 5

How much time is in 15 seconds of longitude?

Answer 5

1 minute

Question 6

What are the considerations for Part 91 fuel planning?

Answer 6

Trip fuel
Fixed reserve
Holding
Alternate
Taxi

Question 7

What are the considerations for Part 135 planning?

Answer 7

Flight fuel
Contingency fuel
Fixed reserve
Holding fuel
Alternate
Taxi fuel

Question 8

How to calculate contingency fuel

Answer 8

10% of flight fuel unless less than 5 minutes in which case 5 minutes at hold rate

Question 9

How much if fixed reserve part 91?

Answer 9

30 minutes at holding rate

Question 10

Fixed reserve for part 135?

Answer 10

45 minutes at holding rate

Question 11

What are the ADF/NDB errors?

Answer 11

Mountain effect
Interference, co channel
Night effect
Terrain effect
Coastal refraction
A/C quadrantal error
Thunderstorm effect

Question 12

What is mountain effect?

Answer 12

Mountains may reflect NDB signals and produce erroneous readings - ADF may receive several reflected signals with resultant fluctuations

Question 13

What is interference error?

Answer 13

Two closely located NDB’s with the same frequency may produce erroneous signals

Question 14

What is night effect?

Answer 14

By night, sky waves are not absorbed and are refracted off the ionosphere and reflected back to earth. The ADF cannot distinguish between ground waves and sky waves and gives erroneous indications

Question 15

What is terrain effect?

Answer 15

Sandy or rocky terrain conducts radio waves poorly, so attenuation of the waves is greater over land than over water

Question 16

What is coastal refraction?

Answer 16

Radio waves can be refracted as they pass over the coast. This causes false bearing indications as the NDB appears closer to the coast than it really is. This can be avoided by using NDB’s closer to the coast when flying over water

Question 17

What is thunderstorm effect?

Answer 17

The electrical energy around a thunderstorm may attract an ADF needle

Question 18

How could you identify NDB station passage?

Answer 18

Needle starts to wobble as approaching overhead
Needle drops to bottom

Question 19

What is the formula to find pressure height?

Answer 19

ALT + 30(1013-QNH)

Question 20

What is the formula to find density height?

Answer 20

Pressure height + 120(OAT-ISA T)

Question 21

What is the formula to find ISA temperature?

Answer 21

15 - (2 x (pressure height/1000))

Question 22

When does BOD and EOD occur?

Answer 22

Sun within six degrees of the observers horizon

Question 23

What is the period between BOD/EOD and sunrise/sunset?

Answer 23

Civil twilight

Question 24

What does each dot on either side of the centre of an OBI mean?

Answer 24

Each dot is 2 degrees of angular displacement

Question 25

What are the errors of a VOR?

Answer 25

Airborne Vertical polarisation Ground station error Aggregate Site (terrain) effect

Question 26

What is airborne VOR error?

Answer 26

Equipment itself in the aircraft - usually +/- 2 degrees

Question 27

What is vertical polarisation error for VOR?

Answer 27

VOR signals are horizontally polarised and sometimes terrain can cause the signal to be vertically polarised - when the aircraft is in a bank it can cause some abnormal movements of the CDI

Question 28

What is VOR ground station error?

Answer 28

The actual ground equipment itself and is usually less than +/- 2 degrees

Question 29

What is aggregate VOR error?

Answer 29

The sum of all VOR errors and always less than +/- 5 degrees

Question 30

What is site effect for VOR?

Answer 30

Rough terrain effecting the radial. If slow it’s called bending and if fast it’s called scalloping. Less than +/-2 degrees

Question 31

How can you identify passage over a VOR station?

Answer 31

Needle becoming more sensitive and oscillating as you approach the station Red flag appearing indicating an unusable signal The TO flag being replaced by FROM The needle becoming more stable after station passage

Question 32

How many GNSS satellites are required for a 2D position?

Answer 32

At least three

Question 33

How many GNSS satellites are required for an accurate 3D position?

Answer 33

At least four

Question 34

How does RAIM fault detection work?

Answer 34

Compared position and time information derived from combinations of four inputs from a set of five satellites, or four satellites and a barometric source

Question 35

What does GNSS fault detection and exclusion need?

Answer 35

Six inputs