Navigation PPL

Question 1

Shape of the earth

Answer 1

Oblate Spheroid

Question 2

Degree is made up of how many mins of arc

Answer 2

60mins

Question 3

Minute of arc is made up of seconds

Answer 3

60 seconds

Question 4

1NM (min of latitude)

Answer 4

1minute of latitude

Question 5

1nm = ft = m

Answer 5

6,076ft, 1852m

Question 6

Rhumb Line

Answer 6

cuts all meridian of longitude at the same angle

- spheroid shape = RHUMB line is not the shortest distance between two point

Question 7

Great circle

Answer 7

circle drawn whose plane passes through the centre of the earth.
shortest distance between two points on earth’s surface

Question 8

Small circle

Answer 8

• circles that do not pass through the centre of the earth
• all parallels of latitude with the exception of the equator = small circles

Meridian of longitude = great circles
Equator = great circle
Radio waves - great circle paths

Question 9

magnetic direction

Answer 9

True direction - relation to geographical poles
magnetic direction is in relation to the poles of the earth’s magnetic field
- angular difference true direction + magnetic direction (variation)

Question 10

Isognals line

Answer 10

Line joining place of the same magnetic variation

Question 11

Agonic line

Answer 11

line joining places of zero variation

Question 12

Deviation

Answer 12

compasses influence by local magnetic field causing errors in the compass reading of the compass

Question 13

Magnetic heading

Answer 13

HSI/DG will point to magnetic north pole

magnetic heading = we see flying in our aircraft

Question 14

Magnetic bearing

Answer 14

observer on the ground would see us flying in relation to the earth

Question 15

UTC

Answer 15

• sun travels around the earth once every 24 hours (15/hours, 1/min)

Question 16

International Date line

Answer 16

180E and 180W meridians = same meridians
But different date depending on the location
- prevents date being an error + provide a starting point for each day

Question 17

ARC to Time conversion 
360* = hours 
15* = hour 
1* = min 
15' = min 
1' = sec

Answer 17

360* = 24 hours 
15* = 1 hour 
1* = 4 min 
15' = 1 min 
1' = 4 sec

Question 18

BOD + EOD

Answer 18

sunrise and sunset

Question 19

Civil Twilight

Answer 19

time before sunrise and after sunset, sun is within 6* of the observer’s horzion
(duration is longer as the observer moves further south)

Question 20

Southern Latitude

Answer 20

sun will still rise in the east and set in the west

- apparent path is inclined from the vertical by an angle equal to the observer’s latitude

Question 21

Unless holding a Night VFR

Answer 21

must reach the destination or alternate 10 mins before last light

Question 22

NDB

Answer 22

• ground based radio transmitter that radiates energy in all directions

Question 23

NDB ground station

Answer 23

greater the transmitter power the greater the range

- range increases over water

Question 24

NDB Mountain Effect

Answer 24

fluctuating bearing from mixing of the radio waves, reflected from nearby mountainous terrain

Question 25

NDB Coastal Refraction

Answer 25

passing from land to sea at oblique angle - refract due to different conducting and reflecting properties of land and water - signals refract towards the coast

Question 26

NDB CO-CHANNEL Interference

Answer 26

- signals received from other NDBs same frequency give false bearing indication

Question 27

NDB Thunderstorms Effect

Answer 27

- generate radio energy and ADF nedele points towards it

Question 28

NDB Terrain Effect

Answer 28

- signsl greater range over water than over sandy or mountainous terrain

Question 29

NDB Quadrantal Error

Answer 29

- metal construction - needle of the ADF will align itself to the cardinala points of the A/C - less accurate when 45* from nose or tail

Question 30

NDB Night effect

Answer 30

- during the day the sky waves absorbed by the ionosphere | - at night the ionosphere reflects the sky waves back, mixing with the ground waves causing error

Question 31

VOR

Answer 31

omni-directional range operations

Question 32

VOR Limitation

Answer 32

-imperfection in VOR indicator | +/- 2*

Question 33

VOR Vertical Polarization

Answer 33

VOR station emits horizontal radio waves (parallel to earths surface) - detected by horizontal antenna - a/c banks, antenna no longer horizontal, VOR moves abnormally

Question 34

VOR station errors

Answer 34

- signal accuracy affected by error in ground station equipment - less than +/- 2*

Question 35

VOR site error

Answer 35

- propagation of VHF signals affected by physical obstacles or irregular terrain features near the VOR Site - less than +/- 3*

Question 36

VOR Terrain Effect

Answer 36

- signals distorted by signals reflected from rough terrain - interference cause oscillation on the CDI. Rapid Osicllations is scapalling - slow oscillation bending (less than +/- 2*

Question 37

VOR Aggregate error

Answer 37

- algebraic sum of all errors mentioned | +/- 5