Nazi Germany 1933-1945 Flashcards
(388 cards)
1
Q
What obstacles did Hitler face to achieve a dictatorship?
A
Hitler had to remove the power of the Reichstag, other parties, trade unions, the President (Hindenburg), the Army, and state governments.
2
Q
What event occurred on 27th February 1933?
A
A fire in the Reichstag building was blamed on the Communists, specifically a communist named Marianus Van der Lubbe was found on the premises.
3
Q
How did Hitler exploit the Reichstag Fire?
A
He exploited the fear of Communists among Germans, claiming they couldn’t be trusted to support the government.
4
Q
What was the Law for the Protection of the People and State?
A
Passed on 28th February 1933, it gave emergency powers to arrest and imprison anyone suspected of plotting against the government without trial.
5
Q
What civil rights were suspended by the Law for the Protection of the People and State?
A
The law suspended civil rights such as the right to speak freely and print opinions in the media.
6
Q
What was the outcome of the March 1933 elections for the Nazis?
A
The Nazis gained only 288 seats, which was 44% of the vote.
7
Q
What was the purpose of the Enabling Act passed on 23rd March 1933?
A
It allowed Hitler to pass laws for four years without the consent of the Reichstag.
8
Q
How did Hitler secure the necessary votes for the Enabling Act?
A
He combined with the Nationalist Party to gain just over 50% of the votes and banned the Communists using the Law for the Protection of the People and the State.
9
Q
What was the significance of the Enabling Act?
A
It confirmed the collapse of the Weimar Republic and allowed Hitler to introduce laws to eliminate opposition, consolidating his power.
10
Q
What was the result of the vote on the Enabling Act?
A
The Enabling Act was passed by 441 votes to 94, with only the Social Democrats voting against it.
11
Q
What was the outcome of Hitler’s actions within four months after the Enabling Act?
A
He had eliminated most of the remaining political opposition in Germany.
12
Q
Was the Gleichschaltung a measure to increase control and eliminate opposition?
A
Yes
Gleichschaltung involved the closure of state parliaments and their re-establishment with Nazi majorities.
13
Q
What significant action did the Nazis take in April 1933?
A
Nazis took over key posts in local governments
Jews and political opponents were removed from their jobs in the legal profession and civil service.
14
Q
What happened to trade unions in May 1933?
A
Trade Unions were banned and replaced by the DAF
DAF stands for Deutsche Arbeitsfront (German Labor Front).
15
Q
What was the political situation in Germany by July 1933?
A
Germany officially became a one-party state
Other political parties were banned.
16
Q
What initiatives did youth clubs and organizations like KDF and SDA promote?
A
They tried to make German people think like Nazis
KDF stands for Kraft durch Freude (Strength Through Joy).
17
Q
What percentage of the votes did the Nazis win in the December 1933 Reichstag elections?
A
92%
This demonstrated the consolidation of Nazi power.
18
Q
What did the Law for the Reconstruction of the State do in January 1934?
A
Gave the Nazis control over all state governments
This law was crucial for centralizing power.
19
Q
What was a key reason for the consolidation of power in 1934?
A
Threat from Rohm and the SA
Rohm was the leader of the SA and had significant influence.
20
Q
How many members did the SA have under Rohm’s leadership?
A
Over 2 million men
This made the SA a powerful force within Germany.
21
Q
What was Rohm’s stance regarding the army and industry?
A
He wanted to reduce their power and give more power to the working class
This created conflict with the German army.
22
Q
Why did Hitler need the support of the army?
A
It was the only group that could stop him from becoming a dictator
Many army leaders agreed with Hitler’s aims.
23
Q
What was the reaction of the German army towards Rohm and the SA?
A
The German army hated Rohm and the SA
This animosity influenced Hitler’s decisions.
24
Q
What event occurred on 30th June 1934?
A
The Night of the Long Knives
25
What was the primary purpose of the Night of the Long Knives?
To consolidate Hitler's power
26
Approximately how many people were executed during the Night of the Long Knives?
Around 200 people
27
Who were the primary executors of the Night of the Long Knives?
The SS (Hitler's personal bodyguards)
28
Name a key SA leader who was executed during the Night of the Long Knives.
Rohm
29
What was one significant result of the Night of the Long Knives?
It destroyed all opposition to Hitler within the Nazi Party
30
What happened to the influence of the SA after the Night of the Long Knives?
It was dramatically reduced and replaced by the SS
31
Which rivals of Hitler were executed during the Night of the Long Knives?
* Von Kahr
* Von Schleicher
32
How did the Night of the Long Knives affect the Nazi Party's image?
The Nazis became more respectable as the SA had been damaging their image
33
Which institution gave crucial backing to Hitler after the Night of the Long Knives?
The army
34
When did Hindenburg die?
2nd August 1934
35
What law did Hitler pass the day before Hindenburg's death?
A law that joined together the jobs of Chancellor and President
36
What title did Hitler assume after Hindenburg's death?
Führer
37
What percentage of voters approved of Hitler's position in the plebiscite held after Hindenburg's death?
90%
38
What did the army have to do in return for Hitler's elimination of the SA?
Take a personal oath of loyalty and allegiance to Hitler
39
When did it become law for soldiers to pledge allegiance to Hitler?
20th August 1934
40
What was the state of the army's relationship with Hitler after the oath was established?
The army was totally linked to Hitler
41
What type of authority did Hitler have in Germany after consolidating his power?
Absolute authority
42
Within what time frame did Hitler create a totalitarian state?
18 months
43
What act granted Hitler the legal changes during his consolidation of power?
Enabling Act
44
What was the overall impact of the police state on the German people during the Nazi regime?
The terror used by the police state was very successful; few people challenged the Nazi regime until WWII. Many believed the police state was for their own good and felt safer because of it.
## Footnote
This atmosphere of fear and suspicion led to a significant curtailment of freedoms.
45
Who led the police state after the Night of the Long Knives?
The SS led the police state and exercised huge control over the German people.
## Footnote
The SS used methods like spying, intimidation, and imprisonment.
46
What was Heinrich Himmler's role in the Nazi regime?
Himmler was the Head of the SS and had total control of Germany's police.
## Footnote
He divided the SS into Gestapo, Kripo, and SD, which was led by Heydrich.
47
What was the aim of the Volksgemeinschaft?
The aim was to create a 'people's community' where the primary duty of the German people was to Hitler and the Nazi state.
## Footnote
This ideology was promoted by the SS.
48
How did the SS operate within the Nazi state?
The SS operated as a 'State within a State' and used its closeness with Hitler to create an extremely powerful and influential organization.
## Footnote
This allowed them to exert significant control over various aspects of German life.
49
What were 'race farms' and Junker schools used for by the SS?
'Race farms' and Junker schools were used to train potential SS members to be ruthless and cruel.
## Footnote
These institutions aimed to instill loyalty to the Nazi ideology.
50
What powers did the Gestapo have under the Gestapo Law of 1936?
The Gestapo had the power to torture, arrest, and execute those suspected of acting against the Nazi State.
## Footnote
They targeted individuals labeled as 'enemies of the state'.
51
Who were considered 'enemies of the state' by the Gestapo?
Enemies of the state included political opponents, criminals, gypsies, tramps, the 'work-shy', homosexuals, the 'anti-social', and Jews.
## Footnote
This categorization justified their persecution.
52
What methods did the Gestapo use to maintain control?
* Spying on citizens
* Intimidation to deter opposition
* Beatings and terror
* Arresting people for minor offences
* Clan responsibility
* Intercepting communications
## Footnote
These methods created a culture of fear where neighbors reported on each other.
53
Fill in the blank: The Gestapo used the Law for the Protection of the People and the State against people known as _______.
'enemies of the state'
54
True or False: The Gestapo typically arrested individuals after a trial.
False
## Footnote
People were often arrested without trial.
55
How did the Nazis control opposition through the law courts?
Law courts were dominated by Nazi officials
## Footnote
This control extended to the establishment of a special People's Court.
56
What was the purpose of the special People's Court set up by Hitler?
To give the 'right' verdict on those accused of crimes against the state.
57
What were the characteristics of trials conducted under Nazi law courts?
Trials had Nazi judges, no juries, and defendants often could not defend themselves.
58
What oath did judges have to swear in Nazi Germany?
An oath of loyalty to the Fuhrer.
59
What was the impact of the Nazi law courts on the German people?
They did not have access to a fair justice system.
60
What did the law serve in Nazi Germany?
The law served the Nazi party.
61
What was one method used by the Police State to control the German people?
Concentration camps.
62
Who ran the concentration camps in Nazi Germany?
Death Head Units.
63
When was the first concentration camp, Dachau, created?
In 1933.
64
Who were sent to concentration camps?
'Enemies of the state' were sent to these camps.
65
How long could individuals be held in concentration camps without trial?
For as long as was considered necessary.
66
How were concentration camps organized?
They were organized as military-like camps.
67
What experiences did German people have in concentration camps?
They experienced terror and violence.
68
How many German people were placed in 'protective custody' between 1933 and 1939?
Over 160,000.
69
What conditions were common in the concentration camps?
Overcrowding, cheap forced labor, disease, and death.
70
What was the survival rate like for those in concentration camps?
Few people survived.
71
What was the overall success of Nazi methods of propaganda?
Very successful
## Footnote
The German people did not question the messages conveyed by the Propaganda machine.
72
What did the Nazis achieve through propaganda and censorship?
A monopoly over German cultural life
## Footnote
They controlled what people read and heard.
73
Who was Joseph Goebbels?
Minister for Enlightenment and Propaganda
## Footnote
His role was to promote Nazi values and purge dissident voices.
74
What concept did Goebbels promote regarding citizen loyalty?
Volksgemeinschaft
## Footnote
This encouraged loyalty to the Fuhrer over individual beliefs and interests.
75
What strategy did Goebbels use in propaganda?
Relay simple messages and present Nazis positively
## Footnote
Censorship was used to prevent conflicting views.
76
How did the Nazis ensure propaganda was pervasive?
Part of 'every cell of life'
## Footnote
This made the public unaware of the aims of the propagandist.
77
Was Nazi propaganda successful in changing beliefs?
Less successful in getting people to accept new ideas
## Footnote
It helped reinforce existing beliefs.
78
What methods did the Nazis use to win people over?
Parades, rallies, festivals
## Footnote
These events glorified Hitler and Germany and showcased strength.
79
What was the significance of the 1936 Berlin Olympics?
Showed the physical superiority of the Germans
## Footnote
It promoted a sense of nationalism.
80
What type of films did the Nazis produce?
Propaganda films
## Footnote
Examples include 'Triumph of the Will' and 'The Eternal Jew.'
81
What was the purpose of loudspeakers in public places?
To influence public belief with Nazi messages
## Footnote
They were placed in workplaces and public areas.
82
What was the 'People's Receiver'?
A radio set for listening to pro-Nazi messages
## Footnote
It ensured control over radio stations and banned foreign listening.
83
What efforts did the Nazis make regarding radios?
Ensured people bought radios made by the Reich Radio Company
## Footnote
This was part of their control over broadcasting.
84
What type of broadcasts could only be picked up by certain radios?
Nazi broadcasts
## Footnote
Radio wardens were employed to ensure that everyone listened to important speeches.
85
What percentage of newspapers did the Nazis own by 1939?
69%
## Footnote
The Editors Law held editors responsible for the content of their papers.
86
What was required for journalists to work in the media under Nazi control?
Approval by the government
87
What did editors have to do daily in the Nazi regime?
Go to the Propaganda Ministry to be told what to print
88
What other media, besides newspapers, did the Propaganda Ministry control?
Cinema, theatre, music, and literature
89
How many books were burned in May 1933 for giving the wrong message?
20,000
90
What law was enacted in 1934 against anti-Nazi jokes?
The law against malicious gossip
91
What type of music was banned by the Nazis?
Jazz
92
How many authors had their writings banned by the Nazis?
2,500
93
What was the nature of films shown in cinemas under Nazi control?
Nazi films promoting Nazi values
94
What did the Nazis want people to embrace?
Volksgemeinschaft
95
Who supported the Nazis in the countryside?
Protestants
96
What type of groups were popular and well-attended during the Nazi regime?
Youth groups
97
Who benefitted from the economic policies of the Nazis?
Small businessmen
98
What was the state of opposition during the Nazi regime until after 1939?
No organised opposition
99
What deterred people from speaking out against the Nazis?
The deterrent of imprisonment
100
True or False: The Nazis had total support from all sections of Germany.
False
101
Fill in the blank: Most sections of Germany bought into __________ because they believed in it or were too scared to resist.
Volksgemeinschaft
102
What was the main goal of the Nazis regarding the Catholic Church?
To limit opposition by signing a Concordat in 1933
## Footnote
The Concordat ensured the Church would stay out of politics in exchange for the continuation of its services, youth groups, and schools.
103
What did Pope Pius XI do in response to Hitler ignoring the Concordat?
Condemned the Nazi regime
## Footnote
His condemnation highlighted the Church's opposition despite its initial agreement.
104
Who was the Catholic Bishop that spoke out against Nazi policies?
Bishop Von Galen
## Footnote
He was noted for his strong opposition to certain Nazi policies.
105
What was the purpose of the Reich Church established by the Nazis?
To control the Protestant Church
## Footnote
Led by Ludwig Muller, it aimed to unify Protestantism under Nazi ideology.
106
What was the German Christians movement within the Reich Church known for?
Aligning the church along anti-Semitic lines
## Footnote
This included using a cross with a swastika and omitting Jews from the Bible.
107
What was the Confessional Church?
A church set up by Protestants opposing the Reich Church
## Footnote
It aimed to prevent state control of the Church and criticized the Nazi regime.
108
Who was the leader of the Confessional Church?
Pastor Niemoller
## Footnote
He was arrested in 1937 and sent to Dachau Concentration Camp for his opposition.
109
What role did Dietrich Bonhoeffer play in the opposition to the Nazis?
Participated in anti-Nazi activities and criticized the Nazis in sermons
## Footnote
He was a prominent Lutheran pastor involved in resistance efforts.
110
What was the German Faith Movement?
A Nazi Church created to replace Christianity
## Footnote
Based on pagan beliefs, it encouraged Germans to adopt pagan and occult rituals.
111
What was the membership size of the German Faith Movement?
200,000 members
## Footnote
This small membership indicated limited support for the Nazi Church.
112
True or False: The Churches in Germany were primarily focused on opposing the Nazis during 1933-1939.
False
## Footnote
The Churches were more concerned about ensuring their own survival than actively opposing the regime.
113
What was the effectiveness of Youth opposition in Germany during 1933-1939?
Not massively effective; few actively opposed the government.
114
How many members did the Hitler Youth have by 1939?
7 million members.
115
What was the general attitude of young Germans towards the government until WWII?
They were just disaffected teenagers.
116
What did many young people do instead of joining the Hitler Youth?
Avoided joining or formed their own groups.
117
Who were the Swing Youth?
A middle class resistance youth group.
118
What activities did the Swing Youth engage in to show resistance?
Listening to American Jazz, dancing, and wearing British style clothing.
119
What was the aim of the Swing Youth?
To create an alternative culture.
120
How did Swing Youth differentiate their appearance from Nazi youth?
By keeping their hair long.
121
What were the Edelweiss Pirates known for?
Being from working class backgrounds and including both boys and girls.
122
What was a form of opposition shown by the Edelweiss Pirates?
Avoiding conscription and singing banned songs.
123
What type of behavior was exhibited by the Edelweiss Pirates?
Anti-social behavior; conflicts with Hitler Youth.
124
What did the Edelweiss Pirates do on their camping trips?
Embarked on camping trips.
125
Fill in the blank: Many young Germans were _______ teenagers until WWII.
disaffected
126
True or False: The Swing Youth were known for their strict adherence to Nazi regulations.
False
127
List some characteristics of Swing Youth's resistance.
* Listening to American Jazz
* Dancing
* Wearing British style clothing
* Attending parties
128
What actions did the Edelweiss Pirates take against their peers?
Attacked peers identified as members of Hitler Youth.
129
What was the primary aim of the Nazis regarding unemployment between 1933-1939?
Reducing unemployment was essential for maintaining control and popularity with the German people.
130
What slogan reflects the Nazi desire to improve Germany's status?
Make Germany great again
131
What major military policy contributed to job creation in Germany?
Conscription and Rearmament
132
How many jobs were created in the armament industry from 1933 to 1939?
Increased from 100,000 to 1.4 million jobs
133
What was the purpose of the early public works program initiated in 1933?
To build autobahns, railways, canals, and houses
134
How much did the early public works program cost and how many workers did it employ?
Cost one billion marks and employed 15,000 workers
135
What was established in 1934 to increase public works schemes?
National Labour Service (RAD)
136
What were some of the projects that RAD workers contributed to?
* Building new schools
* Constructing hospitals
* Developing motorways
* Assisting on farms
* Building public structures like the Olympic stadium
137
What was the work schedule and conditions for RAD workers?
Worked 76 hours per week, wore military uniforms, lived in camps, received no wages, only a small amount for expenses
138
From what year was membership in the RAD compulsory for men aged 18 to 25?
From 1935
139
What was the biggest impact of Nazi attempts to reduce unemployment?
Sacrifice of political freedoms in return for jobs, food, and spending money
140
Who became the Minister of Economic in 1934?
Schacht
## Footnote
Schacht introduced the New Plan to improve the economy and reduce unemployment.
141
What were the key components of the New Plan introduced by Schacht?
* Welfare cuts
* Limits on imports
* Trade deals with other countries
* Investment in key industries
## Footnote
The New Plan aimed to address economic challenges in Germany.
142
What was the main reason for Schacht's resignation?
Hitler wanted more spending on rearming
## Footnote
Schacht believed this increased spending was not possible.
143
Who replaced Schacht as Minister of Economic?
Goring
## Footnote
Goring introduced the Four Year Plan in 1936.
144
What was the aim of Goring's Four Year Plan?
Achieve autarky and prepare for war in four years
## Footnote
The plan focused on self-sufficiency and military readiness.
145
What measures were taken under the Four Year Plan?
* New factories built
* Industries placed under government control
* Longer working hours
* Reduced imports
## Footnote
These measures were intended to support the economy and war preparation.
146
What hardships did the reduction of imports lead to?
Shortages in fuel and metal
## Footnote
People had to surrender items like iron gates and kitchen utensils due to these shortages.
147
What was the focus of industries under the Four Year Plan?
Develop synthetic substitutes for raw materials
## Footnote
This included materials like rubber and oil.
148
How did unemployment statistics change from 1933 to 1939?
Fell from 6 million to 300,000
## Footnote
This statistic reflects a significant reduction in unemployment.
149
What infrastructure projects were completed between 1933 and 1939?
* 1.8 million homes built
* 4,000 km of autobahns
* 9,000 bridges
## Footnote
These projects contributed to job creation and economic improvement.
150
What impact did the introduction of conscription in 1935 have?
Significant impact on unemployment levels
## Footnote
Fewer men were looking for work due to military service.
151
What was a key reason for the growth of jobs in new industries?
The drive for autarky in the Four Year Plan
## Footnote
This contributed to a reduction in unemployment.
152
What was a major flaw in the unemployment statistics during this period?
Did not accurately reflect the employment situation
## Footnote
Many groups, like professional women and Jews, were excluded from the workforce.
153
Who were forced out of the workplace during the Nazi regime?
* Professional women
* Jews
## Footnote
Their jobs were often given to unemployed men.
154
How were men who did unpaid work counted in unemployment statistics?
Included in the unemployment figures
## Footnote
This skewed the perception of actual unemployment.
155
What economic improvements had begun before the Nazis came to power?
Many of the policies and economic improvements
## Footnote
This indicates that Nazi policies were not solely responsible for economic recovery.
156
What was one of the failures of the autarky efforts?
Could not operate a wartime economy in peacetime
## Footnote
One-third of natural resources were still being imported.
157
What negative effect did rearmament have on the economy?
Created inflation and increased food prices
## Footnote
This also contributed to a rise in the death rate.
158
What was the aim of the Nazis regarding workers between 1933-1939?
To influence all aspects of people's lives and control workers through various schemes and organizations
## Footnote
This was part of the concept of volksgemeinschaft.
159
What was the DAF and who led it?
The German Labour Front, led by Robert Ley
## Footnote
Established after the abolition of trade unions in 1933.
160
What happened to trade unions under Nazi rule?
They were abolished in 1933 and declared illegal
## Footnote
This was part of the Nazis' effort to control workers.
161
What were some restrictions placed on workers by the DAF?
* No strikes allowed
* Longer working hours
* No permission to leave jobs
## Footnote
Workers had their freedoms significantly restricted.
162
What improvements did workers experience under the DAF?
* Slightly improved wages
* Strict control of prices and rents
## Footnote
Despite the improvements, workers had to work much harder.
163
What was the average working week under Nazi control?
Over 60 hours
## Footnote
Workers faced increased demands despite some economic benefits.
164
What was the purpose of the SDA (Beauty of Labour)?
To improve working conditions such as better light and noise
## Footnote
Aimed at creating a more pleasant work environment.
165
What was the KDF (Strength Through Joy) program designed to do?
To keep workers happy outside of work and promote Nazi ideology
## Footnote
Included affordable leisure activities and holidays.
166
What types of activities did the KDF provide for workers?
* Cheap holidays
* Cultural activities (theatre)
* Hiking trips
* Cinema
* Cruises
* Rail journeys
## Footnote
Activities were offered at affordable prices.
167
How did the Nazis control prices and wages?
* Price controls on food and housing
* Low taxes
* Wages kept low by DAF
## Footnote
While wages were low, longer hours meant workers received more money overall.
168
What was the impact of price controls on small businesses?
Small businesses suffered from the effects of price freezes
## Footnote
Most families benefitted from price and rent controls.
169
True or False: Workers were allowed to strike under the DAF.
False
## Footnote
Strikes were illegal and workers had no protection for their rights.
170
Fill in the blank: The average working week increased to over ______ hours under Nazi control.
60
## Footnote
This reflects the increased demands on workers.
171
What positive impact did Nazi policies have on some workers?
Restored nationalism and pride, development of new skills and trades, improved income for many families
## Footnote
Many workers felt they were contributing positively to the nation, leading to less opposition to Nazi ideas.
172
What was a significant failure of Nazi policies for workers?
Loss of rights and longer working hours
## Footnote
Workers had to contribute to the state and faced rising costs of living, which affected their standard of living.
173
How did the cost of living affect the standard of living for German families?
Standard of living didn't rise significantly despite some income improvements
## Footnote
Families could afford basics, but luxuries were often exaggerated by propaganda.
174
What was the impact of rearmament on the economy?
Economy came under pressure and hospitals declined
## Footnote
Increased military spending diverted resources from public services.
175
What was the Volkswagen scheme intended to provide?
Opportunity to pay into a car scheme for a new Volkswagen
## Footnote
Despite the promotion, no one received a car by 1939.
176
Who primarily enjoyed the benefits of the KDF scheme?
High-ranking Nazis and the middle classes
## Footnote
Most average German workers could not afford the promised holidays and luxuries.
177
Fill in the blank: Many tickets for KDF activities were not affordable for the _______.
average German worker
178
True or False: Income improved for many families due to bonuses and longer working hours.
True
## Footnote
While income improved, the overall economic conditions were challenging.
179
What were the three K's defined by the Nazis for women's roles?
Kinder, Kirche, Kuche (Children, Church, Cooking)
## Footnote
This reflected the emphasis on traditional roles for women in Nazi ideology.
180
What was the Nazi view on the ideal German woman's appearance?
Blonde, blue-eyed, and sturdily built
## Footnote
Hitler argued that a woman's intellect was of no importance to the Nazi State.
181
What societal changes did the Nazis encourage for women?
Marriage, obedience to husbands, and having large families of racially pure Aryan children
## Footnote
This was driven by the fear of a declining German population.
182
What was the impact of Nazi policies on women's rights?
Restricted rights regarding jobs and financial independence
## Footnote
The policies aimed to confine women to traditional roles.
183
What was the Motherhood Cross?
A reward system for women with many children: bronze for 4, silver for 6, gold for 8
## Footnote
This was part of the Nazi effort to promote childbirth among Aryan women.
184
What happened to women's organizations under Nazi rule?
Banned and their leaders arrested
## Footnote
Women were instead expected to join the Women's League, which had 2 million members.
185
Fill in the blank: The Law for the Encouragement of Marriage was introduced in _______.
June 1935
## Footnote
This law provided a loan of 1000 marks to newly married couples.
186
How did the Nazis handle women they deemed unfit for motherhood?
Sterilization
## Footnote
By 1939, an estimated 350,000 women had been sterilized.
187
True or False: The birth rate in Germany reached the levels of the 1920s during the Nazi regime.
False
## Footnote
Although the birth rate initially increased, it did not sustain and never reached 1920s levels.
188
What was one reason many women retained their jobs despite Nazi policies?
There was no one to replace them
## Footnote
Particularly after 1936 due to rearmament, many unskilled positions remained filled.
189
What was the purpose of Lebensborn homes established by the Nazis?
To provide unmarried racially approved women the opportunity to conceive with SS soldiers
## Footnote
This was part of a sinister experiment to replenish the Reich with Aryan children.
190
What were women discouraged from doing to promote childbirth?
Wearing makeup, dieting, and smoking
## Footnote
These were thought to potentially affect their ability to have children.
191
What were the effects of the divorce rates under Nazi policies?
Divorce rates rose
## Footnote
This indicated that the encouragement of marriage was not fully effective.
192
What was the Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring?
A law requiring women to prove suitability for producing Aryan children
## Footnote
This law was enacted in 1933.
193
What was the main aim of the Nazis regarding youth indoctrination?
To ensure Volksgemeinschaft
## Footnote
Volksgemeinschaft refers to the idea of a national community based on racial purity and loyalty to the state.
194
What qualities did the Nazis expect from both boys and girls?
Loyalty, obedience, and idolization of the Fuhrer
195
How were boys and girls prepared differently under Nazi ideology?
Boys were prepared for war; girls were prepared for motherhood
196
What was the effectiveness of Nazi policies in education?
Mostly effective; many youth bought into Nazi ideals
## Footnote
Some youth members even informed on their parents.
197
What was emphasized in the education of boys under the Nazis?
Physical fitness to prepare for life in the army
198
What subjects were emphasized for girls in Nazi education?
Cooking and housekeeping to prepare for motherhood
199
How did the Nazis alter the curriculum in schools?
Nazified the curriculum to reflect their views and the idea of self-sacrifice
200
What was the focus of physical education in Nazi schools by 1936?
2 hours a day devoted to PE
201
What new subjects were introduced to reinforce Nazi ideas?
* Race Studies
* Ideology
* Eugenics
202
What was the purpose of teaching Geography in Nazi education?
To outline countries required for Lebensraum
203
How was History used in Nazi education?
To promote nationalism
204
What happened to Jewish teachers and students under Nazi education policies?
Jewish teachers were dismissed; Jewish pupils were removed from school
205
What organization were teachers encouraged to join?
NSLB (Nationalist Socialist Teachers' League)
206
What percentage of teachers were part of the NSLB by the end of the Nazi regime?
All but 3%
207
What type of schools were established to educate future leaders?
Adolf Hitler Schools
208
Where did boys identified as high fliers receive specialized education?
Castles of Order and specialist boarding schools to feed into the SS
209
What was a significant failure of the Nazi education system?
Quality of education suffered; traditional subjects lost out
210
What was the overall impact on the academic quality of students under Nazi education?
Declined
211
What was the primary purpose of the Hitler Youth?
To train boys for war and prepare them for military service
## Footnote
This included activities like marching, firing guns, and playing war games.
212
Who was the leader of the Hitler Youth?
Baldur von Schirach
## Footnote
He was responsible for overseeing the activities and organization of the Hitler Youth.
213
What kind of activities did members of the Hitler Youth participate in?
Marching, memorising songs, expeditions, hiking, camping, and war games
## Footnote
These activities were designed to instill discipline and loyalty.
214
What was one method used by the Nazis to promote the Hitler Youth?
A magazine was published and a youth rally was organized in 1938 at Nuremberg
## Footnote
This helped to spread propaganda and engage youth in the movement.
215
What was the status of church youth groups under Nazi rule?
They were effectively banned
## Footnote
The Nazis aimed to control youth and eliminate alternative influences.
216
What happened to non-attendance at Hitler Youth activities?
It was punished in school
## Footnote
This created a culture of compliance among students.
217
By 1939, how many members were there in the Hitler Youth?
Over 7 million members
## Footnote
This number indicates the effectiveness of Nazi youth policies.
218
What was the League of German Maidens (BDM) designed for?
To prepare girls for motherhood and domestic duties
## Footnote
This included cookery, cleaning, and physical fitness.
219
Who led the League of German Maidens?
Trude Mohr
## Footnote
She guided the organization's activities and programs.
220
What incentives were offered to encourage membership in youth groups?
Skiing holidays and outdoor activities
## Footnote
These incentives made participation more appealing.
221
What was one outcome for Aryan girls in the Nazi youth programs?
They were directed towards lebensborn
## Footnote
Lebensborn was a program aimed at increasing the Aryan population.
222
What roles did German Maidens take on during the war?
They made up the Home Guard, visited the wounded, and repaired uniforms
## Footnote
This involvement was part of their indoctrination into service.
223
Did all youths believe in the ideals of the Hitler Youth?
No, many participated out of obedience or fear of consequences
## Footnote
This raises questions about the true effectiveness of the indoctrination.
224
Fill in the blank: About _______ youths did not join the Hitler Youth.
a million
## Footnote
This reflects resistance or disinterest among some German youth.
225
True or False: The Nazi youth policies were entirely successful.
False
## Footnote
While many joined, the true belief in Nazi ideals among youth is questionable.
226
What did the Nazis believe regarding the Aryan people?
They believed in the racial superiority of the Aryan people.
227
Which groups were considered 'inferior races' by the Nazis?
Slavs, Jews, and minority groups (Untermenschen).
228
What was the fate of homosexuals under the Nazi regime?
100,000 men were executed.
229
How many Roma were killed during the Nazi regime?
Approximately 250,000.
230
What actions were taken against the handicapped by the Nazis?
Pregnancies were terminated, sterilizations were performed, and a euthanasia programme was launched.
231
How many handicapped individuals were killed under the euthanasia programme?
In excess of 5,000.
232
What happened to Jehovah's Witnesses during the Nazi regime?
2,000 were sent to concentration camps and 250 were killed.
233
What were the consequences for political opponents under the Nazis?
They were beaten and tortured.
234
What role did criminals play in the Nazi concentration camps?
They sometimes worked for the SS to keep order or were given dangerous jobs.
235
What policy was employed against women considered unfit mothers?
Sterilization.
236
How many men and women were sterilized between 1934 and 1945?
Over 300,000.
237
Who wrote the Law for the Protection of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring?
Ernst Rudin.
238
What was the aim of the Law for the Protection of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring?
To establish that only 'good genes' could conceive.
239
How many Germans were convicted and imprisoned for political crimes between 1933 and 1939?
Over 200,000.
240
What was the number of Germans placed in protective custody during the same period?
Over 160,000.
241
What was the 'Blood Protection Law' of 1935?
It forbade marriage to Jews, Black people, and Gypsies.
242
Fill in the blank: The Nazis considered homosexuality a challenge to their policy towards _______.
women and the family.
243
What belief existed in Germany about Jews during 1933-1939?
Jews were believed to be too influential, greedy, and monopolized key jobs.
244
What professions were Jews successful in during this period?
* Bankers
* Lawyers
* Businessmen
* Teachers
* Journalists
245
How did Hitler and the Nazis blame Jews for Germany's defeat in WWI?
They convinced the German people that Jews were to blame for the defeat in WWI and the Diktat.
246
What was the impact of Nazi policies on the Jewish community by 1939?
Jews had been completely cut off from society, losing control over their finance, citizenship, relationships, and religion.
247
What significant action was taken against Jewish shops in April 1933?
A boycott of Jewish shops was introduced.
248
What restrictions were placed on Jews regarding property ownership?
Jews were not permitted to own property.
249
In 1933, what jobs were Jews banned from?
* Government jobs
* Jobs in the media
* Owning farms
250
What were the Nuremberg Laws introduced in 1935?
They isolated Jews from fellow Germans, making them second-class citizens.
251
What rights were deprived from Jews by the Nuremberg Laws?
* German citizenship
* Right to vote
252
What restrictions on relationships did the Nuremberg Laws impose?
They forbade marriage or sexual relations between Jews and Aryans.
253
In 1935, what additional restriction was placed on Jews regarding the army?
Jews were banned from joining the army.
254
What key professions were Jews banned from in 1937?
* Dentistry
* Teaching
255
What identification measures were imposed on Jews in 1938?
Jews had to carry identity cards and have passports stamped with a 'j' and use names of Israel and Sarah.
256
What decree was passed in 1938 regarding Jews and economic life?
A decree was passed banning Jews from economic life.
257
What happened to Jewish businesses by the end of 1938?
All Jewish businesses were either confiscated or closed down.
258
What belief existed in Germany about Jews during 1933-1939?
Jews were believed to be too influential, greedy, and monopolized key jobs.
259
What professions were Jews successful in during this period?
* Bankers
* Lawyers
* Businessmen
* Teachers
* Journalists
260
How did Hitler and the Nazis blame Jews for Germany's defeat in WWI?
They convinced the German people that Jews were to blame for the defeat in WWI and the Diktat.
261
What was the impact of Nazi policies on the Jewish community by 1939?
Jews had been completely cut off from society, losing control over their finance, citizenship, relationships, and religion.
262
What significant action was taken against Jewish shops in April 1933?
A boycott of Jewish shops was introduced.
263
What restrictions were placed on Jews regarding property ownership?
Jews were not permitted to own property.
264
In 1933, what jobs were Jews banned from?
* Government jobs
* Jobs in the media
* Owning farms
265
What were the Nuremberg Laws introduced in 1935?
They isolated Jews from fellow Germans, making them second-class citizens.
266
What rights were deprived from Jews by the Nuremberg Laws?
* German citizenship
* Right to vote
267
What restrictions on relationships did the Nuremberg Laws impose?
They forbade marriage or sexual relations between Jews and Aryans.
268
In 1935, what additional restriction was placed on Jews regarding the army?
Jews were banned from joining the army.
269
What key professions were Jews banned from in 1937?
* Dentistry
* Teaching
270
What identification measures were imposed on Jews in 1938?
Jews had to carry identity cards and have passports stamped with a 'j' and use names of Israel and Sarah.
271
What decree was passed in 1938 regarding Jews and economic life?
A decree was passed banning Jews from economic life.
272
What happened to Jewish businesses by the end of 1938?
All Jewish businesses were either confiscated or closed down.
273
What event triggered the outbreak of Jewish persecution known as Kristallnacht?
The murder of a Nazi diplomat by a Jew in Paris in November 1938
## Footnote
Kristallnacht, also known as the Night of Broken Glass, marked a significant escalation in the Nazi regime's antisemitic policies.
274
How many synagogues and shops were destroyed during Kristallnacht?
More than 400 synagogues and 7500 shops
## Footnote
This destruction was part of a coordinated attack on Jewish property and institutions.
275
What was the death toll for Jews during Kristallnacht?
91 Jews were killed
## Footnote
This event marked a shift from economic persecution to physical violence against Jews.
276
How many Jews were sent to concentration camps in the months following Kristallnacht?
Over 20,000 Jews
## Footnote
This was a significant increase in the number of Jews imprisoned by the Nazi regime.
277
What financial burden did the Nazis impose on the Jews after Kristallnacht?
The Jews had to pay for the devastation caused
## Footnote
This further exacerbated their economic suffering and loss.
278
By 1939, what had happened to the property of Jews in Germany?
Jews had lost much of their property to the Nazi regime
## Footnote
This was part of the broader campaign to marginalize and dispossess Jewish people.
279
What was the overall impact of Nazi policies on Jewish people's lives by 1939?
They were constrained, isolated and oppressed
## Footnote
The policies fundamentally altered the social fabric of Jewish life in Germany.
280
What legal and political rights had Jews lost by 1939?
All their legal, economic and political rights
## Footnote
This loss of rights was a critical step in the Nazis' dehumanization of Jewish people.
281
What did Hitler begin to speak of concerning the Jewish people by 1939?
Their future annihilation
## Footnote
This rhetoric foreshadowed the Holocaust and the systematic extermination that would follow.
282
How successful were Nazi policies in convincing Germans to support antisemitic views from 1933-1939?
The policies were very successful overall, but not 100% effective
## Footnote
There was some opposition and discomfort among moderate Germans.
283
Who were some of the notable figures that spoke out against Nazi policies by 1939?
Bishop Galen, Niemoller, Bonhoeffer
## Footnote
These individuals were part of a small group of dissenters who opposed the regime's actions.
284
What forms of resistance did Jewish groups undertake?
Assisted with the escape of fellow Jews or mounted sporadic attacks
## Footnote
This resistance was usually limited due to the oppressive environment.
285
What was the general sentiment among Germans regarding the treatment of Jews and minority groups?
Many moderate Germans felt uncomfortable
## Footnote
Despite discomfort, many were either too scared to resist or were influenced by Nazi propaganda.
286
Fill in the blank: By 1939, many Jews had _______.
emigrated
## Footnote
Emigration was one of the few options available to escape the escalating persecution.
287
True or False: The opposition to Nazi policies gained mass popular support by 1939.
False
## Footnote
Fear and propaganda significantly limited the effectiveness of opposition movements.
288
When did a major bombing campaign by the Allies begin?
1942
## Footnote
This marked a significant escalation in the air war against Germany.
289
What was the code name of the RAF's first ever 'thousand bomber raid'?
Operation Millenium
## Footnote
This operation targeted Cologne in May 1942.
290
How many German cities were bombed between 25 July and 3 August 1943?
Multiple cities
## Footnote
The raids focused on industries, ports, and residential areas.
291
What was the death toll in Hamburg during one raid?
50,000
## Footnote
This raid left millions homeless.
292
What was the estimated death toll in Dresden in 1945?
150,000
## Footnote
This occurred over the span of two days, with three quarters of the city destroyed.
293
How did the German people's morale change over time during the bombing raids?
It reached a low
## Footnote
As the raids continued, criticism of the war increased.
294
What happened to children in Berlin after the bombing of Hamburg in 1943?
They were evacuated
## Footnote
This evacuation became compulsory.
295
Who manned anti-aircraft guns and searchlights during the war?
Hitler Youth
## Footnote
This involvement was part of the war effort.
296
What was the purpose of propaganda during the war?
To ensure support for the war
## Footnote
Propaganda aimed to maintain public morale.
297
What impact did food and fuel shortages have on the German people?
They hit people hard
## Footnote
By 1945, over 3 million people had been killed.
298
What was the trend in support for the war among the German people?
It started to decline
## Footnote
Many stopped attending rallies and Nazi events.
299
How did the Nazis respond to criticism or signs of war weariness?
Harshly
## Footnote
People continued to work to avoid repercussions.
300
What was the initial aim of rationing introduced at the start of the war?
To keep morale high
## Footnote
This was intended to avoid food shortages.
301
Which groups received a larger food allowance during rationing?
* Manual workers
* Pregnant women
* Blood donors
## Footnote
This was to support those contributing more to the war effort.
302
Who was Albert Speer?
Minister for Armaments and Production
## Footnote
He oversaw the shift of factories to war production.
303
What happened to food production after the invasion of the Soviet Union in 1942?
It became more severe
## Footnote
Shortages of food and fuel were increasingly experienced.
304
What were some of the substitutes created due to food shortages?
Synthetic substitutes
## Footnote
These were developed to compensate for the lack of meat.
305
What methods were used to increase vegetable and crop production?
Parks and gardens were utilized
## Footnote
This was part of the effort to combat food shortages.
306
What marketing tactic was used to give the impression of food abundance?
Milk bottles filled with salt
## Footnote
This misleading display was part of propaganda efforts.
307
What items were included in rationing besides food?
* Shoes
* Clothing
* Fuel
* Hot water
* Detergent
* Toilet paper
## Footnote
Rationing extended to many aspects of daily life.
308
What was promoted to help people cope with shortages?
Recycling
## Footnote
This encouraged swapping clothing and household items.
309
What items flourished in the black market during the war?
Food, luxury clothing, and items such as perfume
## Footnote
The black market often thrives in times of scarcity, providing goods that are otherwise hard to find.
310
How did the war initially affect Germany's supply situation?
Germany did not experience severe shortages at the beginning of the war
## Footnote
This situation changed significantly as the war progressed.
311
Why were women needed in the workforce during the war?
Many men had left to join the armed forces
## Footnote
This created a labor shortage that women were called to fill.
312
What types of jobs did women take on during the war?
Women worked in industry and agriculture
## Footnote
Their contributions were essential to maintaining the economy.
313
What announcement did Goering make in June 1941 regarding women in the workforce?
Women without children must return to work
## Footnote
This was a response to the labor shortage caused by the war.
314
How many extra women were sent to work in factories by June 1941?
130,000 extra women
## Footnote
This increase was part of the effort to bolster the workforce.
315
By June 1943, how many women had joined the industrial workforce?
500,000
## Footnote
This number reflects the growing demand for labor during the war.
316
What percentage of the workforce did women compose by 1945?
60%
## Footnote
This significant increase highlights the critical role women played during the war.
317
What roles did women occupy within the armed forces by 1945?
Operating anti-aircraft guns and managing searchlights
## Footnote
Women's involvement in military roles expanded significantly during the war.
318
How many women were operating anti-aircraft guns by 1945?
50,000
## Footnote
This demonstrates women's active participation in defense roles.
319
How many women were in charge of searchlights by 1945?
30,000
## Footnote
This indicates the variety of roles women took on in military operations.
320
By 1945, how many women were members of the Auxiliary Corps?
470,000
## Footnote
The Auxiliary Corps engaged women in various supportive roles.
321
What types of work were included in the roles of women in the Auxiliary Corps?
Secretarial work, radio operations, and front-line duties
## Footnote
This illustrates the diverse contributions of women in the military.
322
Who else was utilized in the workforce besides women?
Foreign workers and prisoners of war
## Footnote
This reflects the extreme measures taken to address labor shortages.
323
What items flourished in the black market during the war?
Food, luxury clothing, and items such as perfume
## Footnote
The black market often thrives in times of scarcity, providing goods that are otherwise hard to find.
324
How did the war initially affect Germany's supply situation?
Germany did not experience severe shortages at the beginning of the war
## Footnote
This situation changed significantly as the war progressed.
325
Why were women needed in the workforce during the war?
Many men had left to join the armed forces
## Footnote
This created a labor shortage that women were called to fill.
326
What types of jobs did women take on during the war?
Women worked in industry and agriculture
## Footnote
Their contributions were essential to maintaining the economy.
327
What announcement did Goering make in June 1941 regarding women in the workforce?
Women without children must return to work
## Footnote
This was a response to the labor shortage caused by the war.
328
How many extra women were sent to work in factories by June 1941?
130,000 extra women
## Footnote
This increase was part of the effort to bolster the workforce.
329
By June 1943, how many women had joined the industrial workforce?
500,000
## Footnote
This number reflects the growing demand for labor during the war.
330
What percentage of the workforce did women compose by 1945?
60%
## Footnote
This significant increase highlights the critical role women played during the war.
331
What roles did women occupy within the armed forces by 1945?
Operating anti-aircraft guns and managing searchlights
## Footnote
Women's involvement in military roles expanded significantly during the war.
332
How many women were operating anti-aircraft guns by 1945?
50,000
## Footnote
This demonstrates women's active participation in defense roles.
333
How many women were in charge of searchlights by 1945?
30,000
## Footnote
This indicates the variety of roles women took on in military operations.
334
By 1945, how many women were members of the Auxiliary Corps?
470,000
## Footnote
The Auxiliary Corps engaged women in various supportive roles.
335
What types of work were included in the roles of women in the Auxiliary Corps?
Secretarial work, radio operations, and front-line duties
## Footnote
This illustrates the diverse contributions of women in the military.
336
Who else was utilized in the workforce besides women?
Foreign workers and prisoners of war
## Footnote
This reflects the extreme measures taken to address labor shortages.
337
What changed in Nazi racial policies when the war began?
They opted for more drastic measures as they invaded more countries.
338
What were the Einsatzgruppen?
Special units of soldiers that followed behind German armies to kill Jews.
339
How many people did the Einsatzgruppen execute during the Nazi invasions of Poland and the USSR?
As many as 7,000 people, most of them Jewish.
340
How many Soviet Jews were possibly killed by the Einsatzgruppen in the summer of 1941?
Possibly half a million.
341
What was the composition of the Einsatzgruppen?
Made up of four special groups and reinforced by volunteers.
342
How were Jews often identified for execution by the Einsatzgruppen?
By informers.
343
What was the primary purpose of ghettos established by the Nazis?
To control Jewish communities by restricting movement.
344
When was the first ghetto established and where?
In 1940 in Poland.
345
How many ghettos were there in Eastern Europe?
1,000.
346
What severe conditions did Jews endure in the ghettos?
* Severe shortages of food and fuel
* Overcrowding
* Poor sanitation
* Diseases like typhus
347
What was the daily caloric intake for Jews in the ghettos?
Maybe only 300 calories.
348
How many people died in the Warsaw ghetto between 1940-41?
100,000.
349
What type of resistance developed in the ghettos?
Armed Jewish resistance.
350
What event prepared for the Final Solution?
The Wannsee conference in January 1942.
351
What happened to Jews upon arrival at camps like Auschwitz?
They were assessed for work suitability; unsuitable ones were directed to gas chambers.
352
What was done to the bodies of those killed in the camps?
Gold teeth were extracted and bodies were burned.
353
What type of labor were survivors forced into?
Forced labor in factories run by the SS and for medical experiments.
354
What were Destruction Ghettos?
Ghettos where Jews were kept before being transported to death camps.
355
How many Jewish people were killed by the end of the war?
6 million.
356
True or False: The Nazis banned all forms of worship in the ghettos.
True.
357
Fill in the blank: The Einsatzgruppen were responsible for _______ during the Nazi invasions.
mass shootings.
358
What was the overall success level of opposition against the Nazis during WWII?
Mostly unsuccessful
## Footnote
No group managed to overpower Hitler, indicating a failure of resistance.
359
What evidence suggests that Hitler did not gain total control during WWII?
Pockets of opposition
## Footnote
The existence of resistance groups indicates weaknesses in Nazi policies.
360
Who were the Edelweiss Pirates?
Working-class youth group opposing Nazis
## Footnote
They distinguished themselves from Hitler Youth by their clothing and engaged in violent attacks.
361
What actions did the Edelweiss Pirates take in 1944?
Helped escaped prisoners and attacked Nazi offices
## Footnote
They targeted Gestapo and assisted the resistance movement.
362
What was the main characteristic of the Swing Youth?
Upper and middle class youth enjoying jazz and nightlife
## Footnote
Their opposition included drinking alcohol and frequenting nightclubs.
363
What motivated the White Rose Group's resistance?
Opposition to the treatment of Jews and minorities
## Footnote
They were politically minded and influenced by Bishop Galen.
364
How did the White Rose Group express their opposition?
Through anti-Nazi slogans and pamphleteering
## Footnote
Their activities primarily took place in universities.
365
What was the response of the Nazis to the Edelweiss Pirates?
Severe crackdowns and arrests
## Footnote
Gestapo arrested up to 739 members in 1942 and executed 12 in 1944.
366
What happened to members of the White Rose Group?
They were executed by the Nazis
## Footnote
Their non-violent resistance was met with lethal consequences.
367
What was the fate of the Swing Youth establishments?
They were closed down by the Nazis
## Footnote
This was part of the broader suppression of youth opposition.
368
Fill in the blank: The Edelweiss Pirates distinguished themselves by wearing _______.
checked shirts
369
Who created the Confessional Church in response to the Reich church?
Bonhoeffer and Niemoller
## Footnote
The Confessional Church was established as a reaction to the Nazi-influenced Reich church.
370
What significant action did Bonhoeffer attempt against Hitler?
Assassination attempts
## Footnote
Bonhoeffer communicated with the allies and was later executed in 1945.
371
What happened to Niemoller during the Nazi regime?
Sent to Dachau and survived
## Footnote
Niemoller was a prominent figure in the opposition against the Nazis.
372
What did Bishop Galen protest against in 1941?
The euthanasia programme for disabled people
## Footnote
Galen was partially successful in his resistance, halting the program temporarily.
373
How did the Nazis respond to Bishop Galen's protests?
They did not challenge him directly due to his popular support
## Footnote
Many priests who echoed his message faced concentration camps.
374
What criticism did Archbishop Frings make against the Nazis?
Killing of POW
## Footnote
Frings was another religious leader who opposed Nazi policies.
375
What was the primary concern of the Churches during the Nazi regime?
Ensuring their own survival
## Footnote
This often limited their opposition to the Nazis.
376
What was the outcome for Bonhoeffer after his opposition to the Nazis?
Executed in 1945
## Footnote
His resistance against the regime ultimately led to his death.
377
What happened to Bishop Galen after his association with an assassination attempt?
Arrested
## Footnote
His involvement in resistance activities led to increased scrutiny by the Nazis.
378
What significant event occurred in the Warsaw ghetto?
Organised rebellions
## Footnote
The Jewish resistance movement was crucial during the Holocaust.
379
How many Jews escaped on the Kastner train?
1684 Jews
## Footnote
This train facilitated escape from Nazi-occupied territory.
380
What did Jews do to resist during the Holocaust?
Worshipped in ghettos, smuggled food, educated children in secret
## Footnote
Many Jews pretended to cooperate while secretly resisting.
381
What was the overall outcome of Jewish resistance during the Holocaust?
Massively unsuccessful, 6 million murdered
## Footnote
Despite efforts, the scale of the Holocaust was catastrophic.
382
What did the German army attempt against Hitler in 1943 and 1944?
Numerous assassination attempts
## Footnote
Disillusionment within the army led to these actions.
383
Who led the attempt to arrest Hitler within the German army?
General Beck
## Footnote
Beck was part of the conspiracy against Hitler.
384
What was Operation Valkyrie?
Assassination attempt by Colonel Von Stauffenberg
## Footnote
This involved placing a bomb at Hitler's headquarters.
385
What was the outcome of the assassination attempts on Hitler?
Ultimately unsuccessful
## Footnote
Although Hitler was injured, he survived the attacks.
386
What was the consequence of the failed assassination attempts?
Retribution killed over five and a half thousand people
## Footnote
This included the execution of Stauffenberg.
387
What happened to many members of the German army who opposed Hitler?
Committed suicide
## Footnote
The aftermath of the failed coup led to despair among conspirators.
388
What was a requirement for soldiers in the German army during the Nazi regime?
Renewal of their oath to the Fuhrer
## Footnote
This reflected the loss of independence within the military.
