Nazi Germany Flashcards
(184 cards)
1
Q
What were the four reasons that Germany needed a new government in 1918?
A
The Kaiser had too much control over what the ministers did.
The Kaiser held most of the power in Germany. Whereas the Reichstag advised him.
The Kaiser had ruled for a long time so a change of leadership was needed.
The Kaiser lost control of his country and the war, and his country was facing starvation and certain defeat of the war.
2
Q
What was a Republic?
A
A country governed by an elected parliament.
3
Q
What was a constitutional monarchy?
A
When the country is governed by a parliament, but contains a monarch with limited power.
4
Q
Who was Friedrich Ebert?
A
A member of the Social Democrats. He was democratically elected in 1918.
5
Q
What was the job of the President?
A
The President was elected every 7 years, controlled the Armed Forces, stayed out of the day-to-day running of the country and in an emergency he could make laws without going through the Reichstag.
Also appointed the chancellor.
6
Q
What was the job of the Chancellor?
A
They were responsible for the day-to-day running of the country, chosen form the Reichstag by the President, like a Prime Minister.
Also needed more than half the support of the Reichstag.
7
Q
What was the job of the Reichstag?
A
They voted on new laws, the members were elected every 4 years through a system called Proportional Representation. This gave small parties a chance to have a say in parliament.
Also, the members of the Reichstag were elected by the German people.
8
Q
What was the job of the German people?
A
They elected the president and the members of the Reichstag, they had the right of free speech and all men and women over the age of 20 could vote.
9
Q
What was Article 48?
A
It gave the President the right to make laws without going through the Reichstag in an emergency.
10
Q
What were the strengths of the Weimar Republic?
A
Germans had the right to vote, Proportional Representation made sure that small parties had a place in parliament and they had a strong president.
11
Q
What were the weaknesses of the Weimar Republic?
A
The Republic had enemies, they were never a strong government, small parties had barely any MPs and the President had too much power.
12
Q
What was the ‘stab in the back’ theory?
A
When the German Government signed an armistice declaring the end of the war. Although, the German people and the German military were led to believe that they were winning the war by Kaiser. Then when the Kaiser left to go to Holland and the new German government came in, they signed an armistice without the military knowing. This left the German people baffled and with a lot of negativity towards the new government.
13
Q
What was the Treaty of Versailles?
A
The main peace treaty signed after World War 1. It was signed on the 28th June 1919 in Versailles. This was exactly 5 years after Franz Ferdinand was assassinated.
14
Q
Who created the Treaty of Versailles?
A
Lloyd George - The Prime Minister of Britain
President Wilson - President of the USA
President Clemenceau - President of France
15
Q
How was France affected by World War 1?
A
They lost 1.5 million men, had a lot of jobs unfilled, the economy suffered and 23,000 factories were destroyed.
16
Q
What kind of peace did France want?
A
Revenge, reparations and Germany to be stripped of wealth and Armed Forces.
17
Q
How was Great Britain affected by World War 1?
A
They lost 750,000 men and they were hugely in debt to America. Although, their land had not been invaded.
18
Q
How was the USA affected by World War 1?
A
They had not been badly affected at all. Their land had not been invaded and they gained money from European loans.
19
Q
What kind of peace did Great Britain want?
A
They thought that Germany should be allowed to regain their strengths so that there wasn’t another war.
20
Q
What kind of peace did the USA want?
A
They wanted a fair treaty that did not lead to another war. They also wanted freedom for people in German colonies.
21
Q
What had the Germans hoped to come from the Treaty of Versailles?
A
The Germans hoped for a fair treaty where the allies promised to support their government instead of punish them and for President Wilson to be on their side because he had come up with 14 fair points for the treaty.
22
Q
How was Germany’s land affected by World War 1?
A
Germany lost 13% of it’s land and 6 million people living there. They lost raw materials. Germany was split in two and German troops weren’t allowed in the Rhineland. Germany’s oversea colonies were also taken away.
23
Q
How was Germany’s army affected by World War 1?
A
The German Army was reduced to 10,000, the Navy was cut to 15,000 sailors and just 6 battle ships and they were not allowed submarines, tanks or an air force.
24
Q
How was Germany forced to take the blame for World War 1?
A
The ‘war guilt’ clause declared Germany was to take the blame for the war. This enabled allies to demand compensation from Germany for the damage they caused.
25
How much did Germany have to pay in reparations?
Germany had to pay most of their reparations to France and Belgium. At Versailles no sum was fixed. In 1921, the allies summed the total amount Germany had to pay was £6600 million.
26
Who were the Spartacists?
The Spartacists were a communist group set up by Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht. They didn't trust the new government so they began a revolution that was unsuccessful. In January 1919, they protested throughout Germany. As they took over buildings they hoped people would join; instead the government ordered the army to stop it. The army was anti-communist therefore in the fighting over 100 workers were killed. The uprising was badly planned and this led to both leaders being murdered. Without the main leaders, the Spartacists were defeated.
27
What was the Kapp Putsch?
The Kapp Putsch took place in 1920. The Freikorps units, led by Wolfgang Kapp were disbanded. This was because the left-wing groups had been crushed. 12,000 Freikorps marched to Berlin, where the government was forced to flee and this led to Kapp being made leader of Germany. Kapp and the Freikorps couldn't get much support. Workers went on strike and this made it impossible for Kapp to rule. After 4 days, Kapp fled Berlin and Ebert's government returned.
28
What was the Munich Putsch?
The Munich Putsch took place in 1923. The Nazis had over 55,000 members and their own private army called the SA. Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Partybelieved democracy led to a weak government. They thought there should be one political party, with one leader. The Nazis wanted to make General Ludendorff the leader of Germany. Hitler and 600 SA went to Munich and burst into a meeting forcing Kahr to support their plan. The putsch was not properly planned. Kahr withdrew his support and the Nazis want to fight in a Munich military base. This led to Hitler being arrested. He was released after 9 months.
29
What is a communist?
People who believed the poor should achieve just as much as middle class people.
30
Who are the Freikorps?
Ex-German soldiers.
31
Who were the SA?
Stormtroopers. They were the gang used by Hitler to protect his meetings and break up the meetings of his opponents.
32
What was the Ruhr?
An Industrial German area.
33
What is a nationalist?
Someone who wanted Germany to be a powerful country in the world again.
34
What are five ways to gain members of your party?
```
Public speeches
Hand-drawn posters
Send letters
Newspaper advertisements
Tell the people what they want to hear
Survey people on what they think would make a better country
Bad-mouth other parties.
```
35
What was a socialist?
Someone who wanted equal share of money and rights.
36
Why did the French invade the Ruhr?
Because they refused to believe that the Germans couldn't pay the reparations of the war. The French wanted the Germans to remember what they owed them. The Germans refused to collaborate with the French. This took place in 1923.
37
What were the 4 steps to hyperinflation?
1) The Germans stopped paying reparations.
2) The French invaded Germany.
3) Germany stopped producing materials.
4) Germany printed more money to pay the workers.
38
What is hyperinflation?
When the government print more money than what they need; so the value of money goes down and the price of goods goes up.
39
Who were 3 individuals that benefited from hyperinflation?
People in debt - they found it easier to pay off their debt.
Businessmen - they could pay back money they owed to build up their business.
Landowners - They owned land therefore they could grow crops and they wouldn't lose any land.
40
Who were 3 individuals who suffered from hyperinflation?
People with savings - savings were worthless because the value of money fell drastically.
Workers - wage increases did not keep up with the rising prices.
Pensioners - In 1919, 6000 marks was a small fortunes. By 1923, it wouldn't even be enough for a stamp.
41
What were the successes of the Munich Putsch?
They had 35,000 members, Hitler was a good public speaker, Hitler convinced the judges to release him from prison and the had Ludendorff's support.
42
What were the failures of the Munich Putsch?
Hitler got arrested, Hitler relied on Ludendorff, when the Nazi's reached the centre of Berlin they were unprepared to fight. Hitler forced Kahr to support him, but then let him go and Kahr then reported Hitler to the government.
43
How did Gustav Stresemann help Germany out of hyperinflation?
Stresemann suggested a new currency called the Rentemark. The new currency was accepted and inflation was brought under control. However, people had lost their savings and were not compensated. The German people felt cheated and blamed the Weimar Republic.
44
How did Gustav Stresemann help Germany with the French occupation of the Ruhr?
Stresemann called off passive resistance which created serious economic problems. The French left the Ruhr. Right Wing extremists beleive Stresemann 'gave in' to the French.
45
What were the improvements under Gustav Stresemann?
Dawes Plan
Locarno Pact
Economic and Political Stability
46
What was Dawes Plan?
In 1924, Charles Dawes planned to get Weimar Germany out of hyperinflation. The first agreement was that the Ruhr become fully controlled by the Germans. The second agreement was the reparations payments were to be restructured to the German economy. The third agreement was that Germany's national bank, the Reichsbank, should restructured and monitored by allies.
47
What was the Locarno Pact?
The Treaty of Locarno was signed in 1925. This allowed Germany to be a part of the League of Nations. However, Hitler tore up the treaty in 1936 after he sent the German army into the Rhineland. The Pact of Locarno was a series of agreements which allowed peace in Western Europe. It was signed in Locarno, Switzerland.
48
How did Stresemann help Germany gain economic and political stability?
Stresemann got Germany out of hyperinflation by coming up with a completely new currency he called the 'Rentenmark'. Although people lost their life savings, money got it's worth back. Stresemann called off passive resistance, giving the French nothing to fight for, meaning they had to leave. He joined the Social Democrats in 1923, by becoming chancellor. Stresemann also made sure that the Germans paid less reparations every year to make the payments easier.
49
What was the Wall Street Crash?
In October 1929, share prices began to fall on the Wall Street Stock Exchange. People rushed to sell their shares before it's value was lost. On the 13th October 1929, other wise known as 'Black Thursday', 13 million shares were sold. Shares worth $20,000 in the morning were worth $1000 by night. Within a week, investors lost $4000 million.
50
How did the Wall Street Crash spread to Germany?
USA recalled Germany's loans. Germany was left with no money. International trade decreased rapidly because Germany had no funds. This led to factories closing and workers being sacked. German farmers could not trade goods.
51
What were the political effects of the Wall Street Crash?
The Weimar Government were proven to be to weak to deal with a crisis. The Nazis won 2.6% of votes in 1928; in 1932 they won 37.3% of the votes. The Communist party won 10% of the votes in 1928; in 1932 they won 15% of the votes.
52
What were the economic effects of the Wall Street Crash?
Businessmen saw their businesses close. People had less money to spend on goods so demand fell, leading to profits falling. The government cut unemployment benefit to save money. Many people lost their life savings because the banks collapsed. For the unemployed, the early 1930s was a time of extreme poverty. Taxes went up, so people could afford to buy less goods.
53
What were the social effects of the Wall Street Crash?
40% of all factory workers were unemployed by 1932. In 1933, over half of all Germans between the ages of 26 and 30 were unemployed. Farmers were forced to sell their land or live in poverty.
54
How and why were business men affected by the Wall Street Crash?
They saw their businesses close. They were affected because people had less goods, so profits fell.
55
How and why were factory workers affected by the Wall Street Crash?
Businesses closed so unemployment rose. They were affected because government cut unemployment benefit which led to extreme poverty.
56
How and why were farm workers affected by the Wall Street Crash?
They weren't doing well in the 1920s. They were affected because prices had been falling since 1925. In the 1930s farmers got further into debt which led to them selling their land.
57
How and why were young people affected by the Wall Street Crash?
They could not find work. They were affected because in 1933, over half of the Germans between the ages of 16 and 30 were unemployed.
58
How and why were middle class people affected by the Wall Street Crash?
They lost their businesses, savings and investments. They were affected because taxes rose, business shut down and loans were recalled.
59
Who were the Ubermensch?
Aryan people. Super humans with blonde hair and blue eyes.
60
Who were the Untermensch?
Sub-humans. For example: Jews, Disabled, Homosexual, Gypsies, Slaves, Black People
61
Why did the Germans vote for the Nazis?
People were poor and desperate.
People were looking for a strong leader.
People were looking for a strong party.
People wanted someone to blame for their problems.
People were fed up of other political parties.
62
What were the Nazis offering the people?
Food, work, a better country, better army, better government, better economy.
63
When was Von Papen appointed Chancellor?
April 1932.
64
When was Von Schleicher appointed Chancellor?
November 1932.
65
How did Hitler become chancellor in 1933?
Hitler was strong public speaker and was very charismatic. He connected personally with his audience by doing things such as shaking hands, signing autographs, posing for pictures and kissing babies. He also promised to solve Germany's economic crisis, providing a strong leadership, ignoring the Treaty of Versailles, building up the army and making Germany a strong country again.
66
How did Von Schleicher become Chancellor in 1932?
He persuaded Hindenburg to remove Von Papen and give the position to him.
67
What was the deal that Hitler made with Von Papen?
To form a new government with Hitler as chancellor and Von Papen as Vice-Chancellor. Wealthy businessmen followed this plan because they thought it would bring Von Papen to power, not Hitler.
68
What happened in January 1933?
The Nazis have just 33% of the vote .
Hitler can be sacked by the President.
Only 3 out of the 12 members of the government are Nazis.
69
What happened in February 1933?
Reichstag building in Berlin destroyed in a fire.
4,000 Communists arrested because Nazis thought they were trying to take over Germany.
Nazis banned meetings for other political parties.
Nazis arrested anyone who opposed them.
70
What happened in March 1933?
Nazis used police and SA to put pressure on opponents.
Nazis had 44% of the vote.
Hitler wanted an Enabling Act. (It was passed by 444 votes to 94)
Germany was now a dictatorship.
Communist party was banned from voting.
71
What happened in May 1933?
The German Labour Front was controlled by the Nazis.
Trade Union Officers were taken over and Union leaders were arrested.
All trade unions were merged into one organisation.
72
What happened in July 1933?
New law saying that no one could form a new political party.
Social Democratic party and Communist party were banned.
Only one party left in Germany; no one to challenge the Nazis.
73
What happened in June 1934?
SA had 3 million members and wanted to take control of the army.
Leader of the SA, Ernst Rohm, Hitler saw as a potential rival.
Army was the only organisation that could overthrow Hitler.
'Night of the Long Knives': SA leaders taken from their beds and shot dead. This sent a warning to Germany about how ruthless Hitler was.
Rohm refused to commit suicide so was shot dead.
74
What happened in August 1934?
Hindenburg died so Hitler made himself President as well as Chancellor.
Hitler took the title Fuhrer.
Army took an oath of personal loyalty to Hitler.
Hitler was Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces.
German soldiers swore to obey Hitler and risk their lives for him.
75
Who was Heinrich Himmler?
1929 - Himmler was made head of the SS (Hitler's private army).
1936 - Made head of all police in Nazi Germany including Gestapo.
1941 - set up Death's Head units of SS that ran slave labour camps and carried out the mass murder of Jews,
76
Who was Josef Goebbels?
1928 - Goebbels was put in charge of propaganda.
1938 - Gave orders of Kristallnacht.
1943 - Put in complete charge of war effort. As defeat loomed he helped organise 'total war', raising morale and helped victims of the allied bombings.
77
How did Himmler keep control though terror?
| SS - Schutz Staffel
Protection Squad
Black uniformed and originally Hitler's personal bodyguard.
240,000 members.
All recruits had to be blond, blue-eyed and physically fit.
Could arrest people without trial and search houses.
Himmler trained the SS to be ruthless ad fiercely loyal to Hitler.
78
How did Himmler keep control though terror?
| Concentration Camps
First concentration camp set up in March 1933. (Dachau)
Camps held Jews, Communists, Socialists, trade unionists, church leaders and anyone who opposed the Nazis.
At first the camps were used for short periods of questioning, torture, hard labour and forced instruction of Nazi ideas.
People went missing and people assumed they were being arrested. They didn't know about the concentration camps.
79
How did Himmler keep control though terror?
| Gestapo
State secret police.
They could tap telephones, open mail and collect information form a huge network of informers.
Informers reported local people who they believed were 'anti-Nazi'.
The Gestapo arrested people without trial, tortured them and imprisoned them in concentration camps.
80
How did Himmler keep control though terror?
| The Police
Police continued normal work but were led by the Nazis.
This meant that the police became part of the network of informers, collecting information on everyone.
They ignored all the crimes committed by the Nazis.
81
How did Himmler keep control though terror?
| Local Wardens
Every town was divided into blocks. The block warden visited every home in the block each week. Checking up on everyone and collecting donations.
The lock warden wrote a report on everyone in the block. The report affected whether the people could get a job or not.
The Nazis noted any signs of independent thinking. Such as not flying the Nazi flag on celebration days.
82
How did Goebbels keep control through propaganda?
| Newspapers
Anti-Germany newspapers were shut down.
Jews were banned from owning or working for newspapers.
Goebbels' ministry of propaganda sent out daily instructions to all remaining newspapers telling them what to publish and what angle should be taken on the news.
Display boards were set up in public places so that everyone could read the newspapers.
83
How did Goebbels keep control through propaganda?
| Rallies
The Nazi's were always presented with their uniforms.
Once they were put into power, their rallies were even more impressive.
A huge stadium was built at Nuremburg especially for them.
Goebbels stage managed these rallies to give a dramatic impression of overwhelming power and unity.
84
How did Goebbels keep control through propaganda?
| Books
Once in power, the Nazis organised a book burning. Books were burned in public on massive fires.
The Nais burned books by socialists, communists, Jews and books written by people they disapproved of and with ideas they disapproved of.
By burning books the Nazis were preventing German people reading and thinking beyond the Nazi message.
All new books published had to be censored by Goebbels' ministry.
85
How did Goebbels keep control through propaganda?
| Radio
Goebbels took control of all radio broadcasting.
Regular programmes included Hitler's speeches, German music and German history. Foreign programmes could not be picked up.
Cheap radios were made so that as many of the Germans as possible could listen to Nazi propaganda.
By 1939, 70% of Germans owned a radio.
Loud speakers were set up for announcements.
86
How did Goebbels keep control through propaganda?
| Films
The cinema was very popular in most countries in the 1930s.
Goebbels controlled all of the films made in Germany.
Most were adventure stories, comedies or love stories. There was always a newsreel film, News of the Week. They were made by Goebbels' film makers and always shown before the main film.
87
What does abdicate mean?
To leave the position of king or queen.
88
What does Aryan mean?
In Hitler's terms, this was the 'perfect race' of blonde hair and blue eyes.
89
What was the idea of communism?
To allow the poor to rise and receive financial and social status equal to middle-class landowners.
90
What is a dictator?
A person or political party who have the power to do whatever they want in a country.
91
What is a totalitarian?
A leader who has ultimate control over everything.
92
What was the Third Reich?
The 'Third Regime or Empire'. It's the Nazi designation of Germany and their regime from 1933-45.
93
What was the Enabling Act?
It allowed specified powers to a person or organisation. For example, on 23rd March 1933, all power was passed from the Reichstag to Hitler.
94
What is eugenics?
The belief and practise of improving the genetic quality of the human population.
95
What does elite mean?
People of the highest class.
96
What is a armistice?
A temporary battle timeout.
97
What was the Reichstag?
German parliament.
98
Who was the Kaiser?
German Emperor.
99
Who were the Spartacists?
A group of German socialists formed in 1916. By 1919, it became a German Communist party.
100
Who were Social Democrats?
The Social Democratic Party supported the Weimar Republic and was the largest single party for it's duration.
101
What are reparations?
Money, material or labour is payable by a defeated country to another country as a result of war.
102
What is a diktat?
An order or decree imposed by someone in power without popular consent
103
What was a Gauleiter?
A district leader in Nazi Germany who served as a provincial governor.
104
Who were the German Labour Front?
National Socialist trade union organisation that was set up after Hitler's rise to power.
105
What was the Kellogg-Briand pact?
An agreement to outlaw signed on August 27th 1928.
106
What is Mein Kampf?
An autobiography by Adolf Hitler, in which he outlines his political ideology and future plans for Germany.
107
What does Lebensraum?
The territory which a state or nation believe is needed for it's natural development.
108
What was the National Labour Service?
An organisation established by Nazi Germany as an agency to help mitigate the effects of mass unemployment on the German economy.
109
What was the Reich Church?
A religion set up by the Nazi party in 1936. They wanted to make sure that Germans believed Hitler was a more powerful man than God.
110
What was the Young Plan?
A programme for settling German reparation debts after World War 1. It was written in 1929 and adopted in 1930.
111
What were the three K's?
Kinder - Children
Kirche - Church
Kuche - Cooking
112
What did the Nazis believe in?
Opposing the belief of Christian Church
Their approach to the churches of Germany was to: seek to control them, reduce influence and replace them with faith reflecting Nazi values.
They believed in racial superiority, dominance of strong over weak and the use of violence.
113
What did the Christian Church believe in during the Nazi period?
Believed in helping the weak, love, forgiveness, respect and tolerance.
Believed there is one God and that it is a sin to idolise any other person on Earth as a God.
114
Why was opposition to the Nazis so weak between 1933-45?
Fear. No matter what the person had done the punishment was still the same; whether it was an anti-Nazi joke or an attempt to assassinate Hitler.
115
What was an example of a German being sent to a concentration camp for being anti-Nazi?
Ludwig Schoer. He told an anti-Nazi joke, and turned off the radio whenever a Nazi message was broadcasted. For this, he was sent to a concentration camp.
116
Who were the Edelweiss Pirates?
They were a group of 12-18 year old boys who made themselves easily identifiable by the clothes they wore. They had no main goal but they knew that they wanted freedom. Their main target was the Hitler Youth. They posted anti-Nazi leaflets and started anti-Nazi slogans. An example of one of their slogans was 'down with Hitler - we want freedom'. Over 700 pirates were arrested in 1942, then more in 1944. In November 1944, the leaders of the pirates were publicly hung and known as 'rebels without a cause'.
117
What did Hitler plan on using the German school system for?
Brainwashing young German children into loving him and the Nazi party. He believed children who learned to idolise him when they were young would continue to love him for the rest of their lives.
118
What would a young German school child have studied at school?
History, Geography, PE, Science and Maths.
119
What would young children have learned about in History at school?
Great German military victories and ho badly Germany was treated at the end of World War 1.
120
What would young children have learned about in Science at school?
Weapon making and chemical warfare.
121
What would young children have learned about in Geography at school?
Areas of land in the world Germany would soon conquer.
122
What would young children have learned about in Maths at school?
Bombing Jewish areas and how much money Germany would save if they got rid of Jews.
123
How had PE changed in 1930s Nazi Germany?
The amount of time given for PE had tripled.
124
Which new subject appeared on school timetables in 1930s?
Race Studies of Eugenics.
125
What were students taught in the Race Studies of Eugenics?
How to improve their race and the Nazi belief in the inferiority of black people, Eastern Europeans and in particular, Jews.
126
Why would girls studying Eugenics have helped the Nazis?
It would help them get their perfect race.
127
How would math questions at a girls school being different to a boys school?
At a boys school, they were asked to calculate how much money Germany would save if they got rid of Jews. Girls were asked question about the prices of cooking ingredients and how to handle money.
128
How were women expected to behave?
Women were expected to be undemanding, suited to heavy work and thrifty. They were also expected to wear flat heals, be without earrings and without money. They were expected to look after the children and raise them to be the ideal Nazi man/woman.
129
What did the Nazis think the only thing women were good for?
Children, cleaning and going to church.
130
What were the restrictions of being a woman in Nazi Germany?
Women were banned from certain professions.
Up to 186 documents required for marriage.
Women with mental, physical and hereditary diseases had to be sterilised and weren't allowed to be children.
A sterilised woman could only marry a sterilised man.
131
What incentives were women given to follow Nazi rules?
If given a marriage loan and the couple have 4 children, it is no longer a loan it is a gift.
Motherhood Cross: Bronze - 4 children, Silver - 6 children, Gold - 8 children.
1934 - Mothers Day was made a holiday.
132
How did the Nazis try and solve the problem of falling birth rates?
Bridal schools were set up where women were taught to be a good mother and wife.
Motherhood was glorified.
Women were encouraged to have 4 children or more.
No abortion or contraception was allowed. Punishable by imprisonment or death.
133
What were some of the activities that the League of German Maidens would do?
Learning how to cook, stay healthy, do washing, looking after babies and cleaning. The girls in the League of German Maidens were between the ages of 14 and 18.
134
Explain what the Hitler Youth was.
It became compulsory to join the Hitler Youth in 1939 and were 14-18 year old boys. Boys were sent on holiday, maybe for the first time in their lives, so they could be taught military skills through games. They were trained to be soldiers.
135
How did the Hitler Youth increase in members over time?
When the Hitler Youth group first started it was just 100,000 boys. 2 years later, it was 3.5 million. By 1939, it was an army.
136
What happened to Jews in 1942?
Jewish children weren't allowed an education.
137
How did Nazis attempt to keep control of youth groups?
Young people were impressed by a uniform.
Children encouraged at youth meetings to speak up if grown ups said anything against Hitler.
Curfews were set, smoking in public was banned.
Boys were taught to throw hand grenades and dig trenches, preparing them for the war.
Offered them a sense of involvement in Nazi ideology.
Youth camps gave children a holiday.
Girls taught not to have goals, just to be a housewife.
138
In what ways did life improve for workers under the Nazis?
Public expenditure increased from 17.1 billion Reichsmarks in 1932 to 37.1 billion in 1938.
Unemployment fell from 5.6 million in 1932 to 2 million in 1938.
Employment increased from 13.1 million in 1933 to 18.8 million in 1938.
New motorways, hospitals, schools, sports stadiums and other public buildings were built.
Industrial production increased.
Big businesses like Volkswagen and Merceds made huge profits.
National income increased from 42.6 billion Reichsmarks in 1932 to 79.8 billion in 1938.
A Four Year Plan was drawn up in 1936 with the aim of making Germany a self sufficient country in four years.
139
What effect did Dr Schacht becoming Minister of Economy have on Germany?
In 1934, his new plan for Germany was to reduce unemployment, build up arms and make Germany self-sufficient. Germany achieved self sufficiency in important food products such as grains. This meant that Germany could produce it's own food.
140
What was the 'Strength Through Joy' programme?
It gave working people the chance to go on holiday., some for the first time in their lives, with cheap trips to the coast and countries like Norway.
141
In what ways did life get worse as a worker under the Nazi Party?
Conscription was re-introduced so that all men had to join the army.
Women and Jewish people were taken off the unemployment lists.
Trade unions were banned.
Small businesses suffered.
In 1933, 5 million people were still out of work. Hitler promised to solve unemployment.
Women lost their jobs and male candidates for work were always given preference over female.
Wages were lower in 1938 then in 1928. The length of the working day rose by an average of 10% in 1939 to 1928.
142
How were the mentally and physically ill given hope when they first got to a concentration camp?
There was an ambulance at the beginning of the camp.
143
What percentage of people were sent straight to death as soon as they got to the concentration camp?
75-90%
144
What did the Germans believe about disabled people?
They were taking up beds for German soldiers.
145
When a patient was sent to an asylum such as Grafeneck, what were they told?
They were going for a 'disinfected shower'; otherwise known as the gas chambers.
146
How many Germans and Austrians were gassed in secret locations?
Around 70,000
147
What did Hitler do in 1941?
Stop the murders/gassing of Germany's disabled people.
148
What did Carl Clauberg do?
Used women fro horrible experiments and tests.
149
Why were children under the age of 12 sent straight to the gas chambers?
They were labelled 'unusable'.
150
What were SS doctors allowed to do to twins at Auschwitz?
Genetic biological research. 1 twin would be tested on and the other would not, to see the difference.
151
Name the 4 ways Nazis dealt with 'burdens on the community'.
Propaganda
The Sterilisation Law
Concentration Camps
The Euthanasia Campaign
152
How did propaganda help the Nazis to deal with 'burdens on the community'?
A propaganda campaign was started that tried to stir up resentment against people who were burdens on the community.
153
How the Sterilisation Law help the Nazis to deal with 'burdens on the community'?
In the 1920s and 1930s the idea of preventing 'undesirables' form having children had become popular. In July 1933, the Nazis passed a Sterilisation Law. It allowed Nazis to sterilise people with certain illnesses such as 'simple-mindedness' and 'chronic alcoholism'. Between 1934 and 1945, between 320,000 and 350,000 men and women were sterilised.
154
How did concentration camps help the Nazis to deal with 'burdens on the community'?
By 1936, the 'work-shy', tramps, beggars, alcoholics, prostitutes, homosexuals and juvenile delinquents were being sent to concentration camps. In 1938, another round-up netted about 11,000 beggars, tramps and Gypsies. Most of these people were sent to Buchenwald concentration camp.
155
How did the Euthanasia Campaign help the Nazis to deal with 'burdens on the community?
In 1939, the Nazis secretly began to exterminate the mentally ill in a euthanasia programme. 6,000 handicapped babies, children and teenagers were murdered by starvation or lethal injection. The Nazis also devised a new method of killing; using carbon monoxide gas. Gas chambers were built in 6 mental asylums; one was at Grafeneck. German officials calculated how much money they had saved by these killings and how to make 'better' use of hospital beds and buildings that had been freed up. Around 72,000 people had been murdered before public protests started and made Hitler stop the programme in 1941. However, some people must have approved of this because they sent Hitler letters asking for 'mercy killings'. These included women dying or cancer, a man blinded and maimed after falling into a cement mixer, and pleas from parents with handicapped children.
156
Who were considered the 'burdens on the community'?
People who could/would not work, unhealthy people, the severely disabled, mentally handicapped, tramps, Gypsies and beggars.
157
What was happening at Grafeneck?
Smoke was always coming out of the chimney of the crematorium.
Grey vans were taking people into the asylum, people were often wearing straight jackets and handcuffs.
Examples of families being told of deaths:
-being sent 2 urns of ashes for one dead relative
-hairpins in ashes of males
-people who had their appendix removed years before, declared dead of appendicitis.
158
What is persecution?
The subjecting of a race or group of people to cruel of unfair treatment.
159
What was Kristallnacht?
Night of Broken Glass in 1938.
Customers edged away from shops and windows smashed.
Placards put in public places saying 'Jews not wanted' or 'Jews forbidden'.
Jews lost their jobs
Jewish people couldn't have anything to do with the 'Master Race'.
Jews banned from public places.
Jews denied basic rights in German citizenship.
'Protection of German Blood and Honour' law banned Jewish and German marriages.
9-10th November 1938
All shops had windows smashed and broken into.
91 Jews killed and 20,000 arrested.
Jews banned from owning or managing businesses.
160
What does boycott mean?
To refuse to buy/use a particular business often associated with Jews.
161
What happened to Jews in 1933?
Anti-Jewish graffiti scrawled on shop windows.
Non-Aryan children forbidden from playing with Aryan children.
Nazis encouraged boycott of Jewish-owned shops.
SA stood outside Jewish shops to threaten shoppers.
Jewish lawyers and judge dismissed.
Jews banned from all public service jobs such as teachers and civil servants.
162
What happened to Jews in 1935?
Jews only allowed to sit on park benches labelled 'for Jews'.
Jewish writers not published.
Jewish musicians barred from playing in state orchestra.
The Nuremburg Laws
163
What happened to Jews in 1936?
Jews not allowed to own typewriters or bicycles.
| Anti-Jewish posters removed temporarily during Berlin Olympics.
164
What happened to Jews in 1938?
Jews banned from swimming pools, cinemas, theatres and concert halls.
Jewish children banned from state schools.
Prevented Jews from earning a living.
Jews not allowed to practise as doctors.
Jews not allowed to run their own business.
Jews not allowed to work as dentists, chemists or nurses.
Serious restrictions on Jews' rights as citizens of Germany.
Male Jews had to add the name Israel to their names and Female Jews had to add the name Sarah.
Jews had to hand over Gold or Silver Jewellery to the police.
165
What happened to the Jews in 1939?
Jews not allowed out of their homes after 8pm in Winter and 9pm in Summer.
166
What were the Nuremburg Laws?
Jews could not be German citizens.
| Jews could not marry, or have sex with, any non-Jews
167
How was Kristallnacht started?
In November 1938, a young Jewish student, angry at the treatment of Jews in Germany, shot a German diplomat in Paris. In retaliation, Nazi leaders encouraged their supporters to attack German Jews and smash up their homes.
168
How many Jews had emigrated to escape Nazi persecution by 1939?
500,000.
169
Why did Germany invade Poland in 1939?
They had a large population of 3 million Jews.
170
Why did Germany invade Russia in 1941?
They had a large population of 5 million Jews?
171
How many people populated the Warsaw Ghetto?
380,000.
172
What was Einsatzgruppen?
Himmler sent four specially trained SS units called 'Einsatzgruppen Battaliors' into German occupied territory and shot at least1 million Jews.
Victims were taken to deserted areas where they were made to dig their own graves and then shot.
When the SS ran out of bullets they sometimes killed their victims using flame throwers.
173
How was the Final Solution decided?
In January1942, Himmler decided to change tactics once again and called a special conference at Wannsee. At this conference it would be decided that the existing methods were too inefficient and that a new Final Solution was necessary.
174
How was the Final Solution going to be organised?
Shooting was too inefficient as the bullets were needed for war efforts.
Jews were going to be rounded up and put into transit camps called Ghettoes.
The Jews living in these Ghettoes were to be used a cheap source of labour.
Conditions in the Ghettoes were designed to be so bad that many die whilst the rest would be willing to leave these areas in hope for better conditions.
The remaining Jews were to be shipped to 'resettlement areas' in the East.
On arrival the Jews would go through a process called 'selection'.
Women, children, the old and the sick were to be sent for 'special treatment'. The young and fit would go through a process called 'destruction through work'.
175
What happened to Jews in 1940?
All Jews had to have their passports stamped with the letter J and they had to wear the yellow Star of David on their jacket or coat.
176
What were the Nazi's tactics during the Final Solution?
Starvation, terror, deception.
177
What were the SS' tactics during the Final Solution?
Dehumanisation
178
How did the Nazis carry out their starvation tactic?
The Jews in the Warsaw Ghetto were only fed 1000 calories a day. A human body needs 2400 calories a day to maintain a healthy weight.
Result: Hungry people are easy to control.
179
How did the Nazis carry out their terror tactic?
The SS publicly shot people for any type of resistance.
180
How did the Nazis carry out their deception tactic?
Jews were told they were going to resettlement areas in the East.
In some Ghettos, Jews had to purchase their own train tickets.
Jews were told to bring tools of their trade, pots and pans.
New arrivals at the camps were given postcards to send to their friends.
181
How did the SS carry out their dehumanisation tactic?
The SS guards who murdered the Jews were brainwashed with anti-Semitic propaganda.
The Jews were transported in cattle cars in terrible conditions.
Naked, dirty and half-starved people looked like animals, which helped reinforce Nazi propaganda.
The SS used to train their new guards by encouraging them to set fire to a pit full of live victims - usually children.
182
How was deception and selection carried out?
At Auschwitz the train pulled into the mock-up of a normal train station.
The Jews were helped off the cattle trucks by Jews who were specially selected by Nazis.
At some death camps, Nazis would play classical music to calm the Jews down.
The able bodied were sent to a work camp where they were killed through a process called 'destruction through work'.
Mothers, children, old and sick were sent straight to the 'showers'.
183
Who were the Sonderkommando?
Specially selected Jews used to work for the Nazis. For example they would take out gold fillings or cut dead Jews' hair. They got better rations, food and beds. Their life expectancy was 3 months.
184
How many calories were the Jews living on in the concentration camps?
2000.
| Normal amount of calories - 2000.
