NB Ch 1

Question 1

LUCA?

Answer 1

Last Universal Common Ancestor

Question 2

3 Domains of life (Phylogenetic tree of life)

Answer 2

Bacteria
Archaea
Eukaryota

Question 3

Common themes for iving organisms? (4)

Answer 3

1. Seperate from eniviroment (lipid-based membrane)
2. Store info (DNA & RNA)
3. Replicate and pass on info (DNA Replication)
4. Extract energy from surroundings (ATP)

Question 4

4 Basic Classes of Building Molecules

Answer 4

1. Nucleic Acids (from nucleotides) - store & carry info
2. Proteins (from amino acids) - functions of cell
3. Lipids (from fatty acids) - membranes = hydrophobic
4. Carbohydrates (from sugars) - energy storage & solubility = hydrophilic

Question 5

DNA?

Answer 5

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Question 6

DNA made from which 4 nucleotides?

Answer 6

Deoxyguanosine monophosphate
Deoxyadenosine monophosphate
Deoxythymidine monophosphate
Deoxycytidine monophosphate

Question 7

DNA direction?

Answer 7

5’ to 3’

Question 8

Genome & what is consists of

Answer 8

All DNA sequences in an organism (blueprint)
Consists of genes and intergenic regions

Question 9

Intergenic region

Answer 9

Non-coding stretches of DNA located between protein-coding genes

Question 10

Gene

Answer 10

(coding region + regulatory region) controls a characteristic = proteins or RNA

Question 11

Chromosomes

Answer 11

DNA packed into linear/circular units

Question 12

DNA wrapped around?

Answer 12

Packing proteins (histones) for space efficiency

Question 13

Expression (gene)

Answer 13

Turning info into products (like RNA or protein) that carry out cellular functions

Question 14

RNA made?

Answer 14

Copying the sequence of a region of the genome into a single strand molecule

Question 15

Transcription

Answer 15

Copying of DNA into RNA (ribonucleic acid) via RNA polymerase
RNA contains uracil (U) instead of thymidine (T)

Question 16

Translation

Answer 16

Coding RNAs (mRNA) contain info to produce proteins (from amino acids - 20)

Question 17

Post-translational modification

Answer 17

Protein cleavage, glycosylation, phosphorylation

Question 18

Codon

Answer 18

3 nucleotides in the mRNA to represent an amino acid

Question 19

Translation performed by?

Answer 19

Ribosome (has protein + RNA components)

Question 20

tRNA function?

Answer 20

Interprets info of mRNA into protein sequence

Question 21

Start of a protein amino acid?

Answer 21

Methionine (AUG)

Question 22

Stop codon

Answer 22

UAG, UGA, UAA

Question 23

Gene regulation

Answer 23

Responsible for creating diff types of cells within multicelluar organism (regulated temporally and spatially)

Question 24

Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes

Answer 24

Pro: no organelles, DNA in nucleoid
Eu: many organelles, DNA in nucleus

Question 25

Organelles + function?

Answer 25

Mitochondria: derives energy Chloroplasts: harvest sunlight Endoplasmic reticulum & Golgi apparatus: protein production + processing

Question 26

Compartmentalization

Answer 26

Division of something into sections or categories Allows functions to be confied to area & extra layers of regulation

Question 27

Forward genetics

Answer 27

Mutant phenotype observed, then causing gene identified (phenotype -> genotype)

Question 28

Reverse genetics

Answer 28

Gene is disrupted and then phenotype observed (genotype -> phenotype)

Question 29

Mutations

Answer 29

Alters sequence and structure of protein AND alter regulatory regions = change expression

Question 30

Null mutation (loss of function)

Answer 30

Eliminate the function of a gene

Question 31

Point mutations

Answer 31

Missense: single nucleotide changes that alter amino acid Nonsense: single nucleotide changes that introduces a premature stop codon Silent: single nuclotide changes that do not alter the encoded amino acid

Question 32

Mutations in somatic vs germilne cells:

Answer 32

Somatic: affect organism itself Germline: affect subsequent generations

Question 33

Monogenic vs polygenic

Answer 33

Monogenic: mutation in single gene cause disease Polygenic: mutation in several genes causes a disease

Question 34

Penetrance

Answer 34

Percentage of people with the mutation that will develop the disease

Question 35

Natural selection

Answer 35

Best-performing versions persists in population due to most likely to reproduce

Question 36

Diversity how?

Answer 36

Mutations + natural selection

Question 37

Phylogenetic tree

Answer 37

Indicates the relatedness (similarities in DNA sequences)

Question 38

Model organisms

Answer 38

Allow research into understanding many biological processes Fast generation: fruit fly + nematode worm Morphological feature of development: african clawed frog, house mouse, zebrafish, thale cress

Question 39

Viruses

Answer 39

Structure: small nucleic acid genomes surrounded by protein coat Needs host to replicate Used as model organism for transcription & replication

Question 40

Nomenclature

Answer 40

Wild-type = uppercase Mutant = lowercase Gene = italics Protein = non-italics