NB1

Question 1

What are neurons

Answer 1

Cells that transmit nerve impulses

Question 2

What are glia

Answer 2

Non-neuronal cells in the central and peripheral nervous system that do not produce electrical impulses

Question 3

What are microglia

Answer 3

Macrophages found in the brain and spinal cord

Question 4

What consist of the central nervous system

Answer 4

Brain, brain stem, and spinal cord

Question 5

What consist of the peripheral nervous system

Answer 5

All the nerves in the body that are found outside the spinal cord

Question 6

What is the term for ribosomes in the cell body of a neurone

Answer 6

Nissl bodies

Question 7

What is the term for cell body of a neurone

Answer 7

Perikaryon

Question 8

Function of glial cells

Answer 8

-Provide structural support and myelin to the nervous system

Question 9

Function of astrocytes

Answer 9

Provide structural support / blood brain barrier

Question 10

Function of oligodendrocytes

Answer 10

Form myelin in central nervous system

Schwann cells in PNS

Question 11

Function of ependymal cells

Answer 11

Line the ventricles and produce cerebrospinal fluid

Question 12

Function of microglia

Answer 12

Macrophages of the brain (phagocytic)

Question 13

Cells that give rise to brain tumours

Answer 13

Glial cells give rise to gliomas

Question 14

What is the cerebrum

Answer 14

• Consist of right and left cerebral hemisphere

- Has 4 lobes : Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, Temporal

Question 15

What is the brainstem

Answer 15

• Final part of brain before spinal cord begins

- Divided into 3 parts; (from top to bottom - Midbrain, Pons, Medulla)

Question 16

What is the cerebellum

Answer 16

Posterior aspect of the brain/brainstem

Question 17

What does the hindbrain consist of

Answer 17

Pons, Medulla, Cerebellum

Question 18

What is grey matter

Answer 18

Neural tissue that is grey in colour and is comprised of neural cell bodies

Question 19

What is white matter

Answer 19

Neural tissue that is white in colour and is compromised of myelinated axon

Question 20

What is cortex

Answer 20

Outer layer of the cerebral hemispheres, composed of folds of grey matter

Question 21

What is gyrus

Answer 21

Convex fold of grey matter (mountains)

Question 22

What is sulcus

Answer 22

Concave folds of grey matter (valleys)

Question 23

What does association fibres do

Answer 23

Interconnect cortical sites within one cerebral hemisphere

Question 24

What does commissural fibres (corpus callosum) do

Answer 24

Run from one cerebral hemisphere to the other

Question 25

What does projection fibres do

Answer 25

Pass from cerebral cortex to subcortical structures

Question 26

Definition: 1. ipsilateral 2. contralateral 3. decussate

Answer 26

1. on the same side 2. on the opposite side 3. to switch from one side to another

Question 27

What are cranial nerves

Answer 27

A set of 12 pairs of nerves that emerge directly from the brain

Question 28

What are spinal nerves

Answer 28

Nerves that exit from the spinal cord (below brainstem)

Question 29

Difference between afferent & efferent neurone

Answer 29

Afferent is a 3 neurone pathway while efferent is a 2 neurone pathway

Question 30

Meningeal layers

Answer 30

``` Skin Bone -Dura mater -Arachnoid mater Subarachnoid space Trabeculae -Pia mater Blood vessel Cerebral cortex White matter ``` note: '-' are the actual meninges

Question 31

What is pia mater (soft)

Answer 31

Very outer layer of brain tissue and intimately connected with the brain

Question 32

What is arachnoid mater (spidery)

Answer 32

Thin, transparent tissue that covers brain specimen | Overlies sulcus

Question 33

What is dura mater (hard)

Answer 33

Thick, fibrous connnective tissue associated with skull and form partitions between hemispheres

Question 34

What does ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm become

Answer 34

Ectoderm - all epidermis and nervous system Mesoderm - bone, muscle, connective tissue and dermis Endoderm - inner lining of GI tract; respiratory tract

Question 35

Places in the embryonic disc that has ectoderm and endoderm only

Answer 35

1. Oropharyngeal membrane - dissolves; anterior is stomodeum which give rise to mouth 2. Cloacal membrane - posterior is proctodeum which gives rise to anus

Question 36

What does neural crest cells contribute to

Answer 36

1. Neurons and glial cells of the sensory, sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system 2. The epinephrine-producing (medulla) cells of the adrenal gland 3. The pigment-containing cells of the epidermis 4. Many of the skeletal and connective tissue components of the head

Question 37

Describe zipping process

Answer 37

- Begins at day 22 - Tube close completely at the cranial end 3 or 4 days later and at the tail (caudal) end 2 to 3 days subsequently (day 27) - Neurulation is complete - CNS is a closed tube - narrow caudal end = spinal cord - Broader region at head region = brain