NB3-7 - Human Development 3 and DLAs Flashcards Preview

BPM2 Exam 3 - Neurology and Behavioral Science 1 > NB3-7 - Human Development 3 and DLAs > Flashcards

Flashcards in NB3-7 - Human Development 3 and DLAs Deck (15)
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1
Q

What are the 4 major tenants for Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Reasoning?

A
  1. People develop morality in stages that are qualitatively different ways of thinking
  2. People progress through the stages in an invariant sequence (people cannot skip a stage but they can regress)
  3. People progress form a more ego-centric way of thinking to a more ethical/societal way of thinking. They do this in a hierarchical
  4. People progress through these stages in a similar way across genders and cultures
2
Q

What is the most famous dilemma used to demonstrate moral reasoning?

A

The Heinz Dilemma, the final question of which is, “Should Heinz have broken into the pharmacy to steal the drug to save his wife?”

3
Q

List the levels and stages of Kohlberg’s moral reasoning.

A
  1. Preconventional - reasoning based on personal benefit
    1. ​Punishment Orientation - avoid punishment
    2. Reward Orientation - get rewards/favors
  2. Conventional - reasoning based on fulfilling the expectations of others
    1. ​Be a Good Person - avoid societal disapproval
    2. Authority Orientation - uphold social rules to avoid censure and guilt
  3. Postconventional - reasoning based on strict adherence to personal principles
    1. Social Contract Orientation - less concerned with laws and more concerned with principles that make for a good society​ and changing laws to reflect that
    2. Ethical Principle Orientation - actions guided by self-chosen ethical principles
4
Q
A

F

The student acted on his own beliefs despite the beliefs of the scientific culture.

5
Q

When do our physical abilities start to gradually decline? When do they start to rapidly decline?

A

Gradual decline starts at 30

Rapid decline starts at 70

6
Q

Describe how white matter, grey matter, and CSF volume changes as we age into seniority?

A

White matter volume increases until 40 and starts to slowly decline

Grey matter volume shows a steady decline across the life span

CSF volume sharply increases past 60 years of age

7
Q

Why does CSF volume sharply increase after 60?

A

Because the brain is also beginning to atrophy

8
Q

Describe the major age related cognitive changes

A
  • Fluid cognition (attention, working memory, processing speed) increases in early adulthood and then declines throughout middle to late adulthood.
  • Crystallized knowledge (vocabulary, reading) increases in early adulthood and generally plateaus throughout middle and late adulthood
9
Q

What protects against age related cognitive decline?

A

A persons cognitive reserve which is the result of increased education throughout life

10
Q
A

E

11
Q

What are the major needs of a dying person?

A
  • To control pain
  • To maintain dignity
  • To receive love and affection
12
Q

Describe the 5 stages of dying and the physicians role in each of them.

A
  1. Denial - resistance to reality of impending death. Physician should make it known that their door is open.
  2. Anger - resentment towards many different targets. Physician should not take any personal attacks personally
  3. Bargaining - tries to find ways to extend life. Physician should not give patient false hope.
  4. Depression - realization of unavoidable death. Physician should do whatever they can to comfort the patient.
  5. Acceptance - physician has done their job if they can get the patient here.
13
Q
A

C

14
Q

What is palliative care and what usually triggers this type of care to begin?

A

Palliative care is focused on improving the quality of life of a patient by providing relief from physical symptoms and suffering. The typical triggers for a palliative care consult are as follows:

  • Increasing suffering with poor prognosis
  • Descreasing response to aggressive treatment
  • Imminent death
15
Q

What is hospice care and how does it differ from palliative care?

A

With palliative care, diagnosis and treatment of the illness will continue. With hospice care, all attempts to cure a person are suspended and all focus is on helping the patient live as an individual and to help them die with as little discomfort and as much serenity as possible.