NB3 EXAM 2 Flashcards
(182 cards)
1
Q
The fibers of the lateral olfactory tract termine where
A
olfactory tubercle, anterior perforated substance, entorhinal cortex and pyriform cortex
2
Q
what is the only system that projects directly to the cortex without going to thalamus first
A
olfactory
3
Q
which system is responsible for the identification of odors
A
orbitofrontal cortex
4
Q
which system is responsible for the emotional response to odors
A
hypothalamus, entorhinal cortex, hippocampus and hypothalmus
5
Q
hyposomia is
A
rediced ability to detect odors
6
Q
anosmia is
A
complete inability to detect odors
7
Q
parosmia
A
change in normal perception of odors
8
Q
phantosmia:
A
sensation of an odor that is not there
9
Q
what taste buds are located on the front of the tongue, side of tongue and back of tongue
A
fungiform, foliate, and circumvallate
10
Q
in taste, once VII, IX, and X neurons get to the NTS, where to they project?
A
to the VMP of the thalmus and then to the insular and frontal cortex
11
Q
what higher brain centers project to the NTS for taste manipulation
A
amygdal and hypothalamus. the insular and frontal cortex indirectly
12
Q
defect in LCA
A
the retinal pigment epithelium fails to phagocytose the shed outer segments of the photoreceptor cells.
13
Q
papilladema
A
swelling of the optic nerve head, correlated with intracranial pressure increases
14
Q
what causes retinitis pigmentosa
A
Loss of Rod photoreceptors; mutations in rhodopsin and other components of the g-protein cascade cause retinitis pigmentosa. You will see thin vessels, pale retina, and protrusion of RPE cells into the retina itself
15
Q
what is usually the first complaint for people with retinitis pigmentosa?
A
loss of night vision
16
Q
Macular Degeneration
A
loss of cone photoreceptors and loss of foveal vision since the fovea is made solely of cones
17
Q
the Cone “on” pathway depends on
A
MGLUR6
18
Q
the “off” cone pathway depends on
A
ionotropic glutamate receptor
19
Q
why do people with metastatic melanoma become night blind?
A
because they are producing atibodies to the trp channel, so the channel cannot open and the cell cannot depolarize to sense light.
20
Q
congenital stationary night blindness
A
mutations in MGLUR6
21
Q
lesion in the left occipital lobe –>
A
a problem with the PCA. This leads to pure alexia (inability to read) without agraphia .
22
Q
dyslexia is involved with what part of he brain
A
palum temporale
23
Q
in terms of language what does the right hemisphere do
A
intonation and language used in social context, like sarcasm
24
Q
sensory neglet or asomatognosia comes from
A
damage to the superior part of the parietal love
25
tectospinal tract does
originated in the superior collicuus and turns gaze to an area of interest. involves only muscles inntervated in the upper cord
26
damage to the medial pathways
causes changes in muscle tone and may include defecits in maintaing balance
27
4 projections of motor nucelu
red nucleus
reticular formation
superior colliculus
vestibular nuceli
28
horizantal eye movements are related to
PPRF (Pons)
29
Vertical eye movements are related to
Mesencephalic reticular formation, MRF (midbrain)
30
what 4 things project to the PPRF
cortical frontal eye fields, basal ganglia, cerebellum, superior colliculus
31
most important structure in initiating saccadic eye moveents?
superior colliculus
32
retinal input goes to the ___ layer of the superior colliculus
superior layer
33
the deep layer of the superior colloculus contins
motor innervtion
34
is the sensory map of the superficial layer of the superior colliculus in register with the motor map that generates the appropriate moveents?
yes
35
where do frontal eye fields project to initiate eye movement?
both to the brainstem directly to initiate movement and to the deep layers of the superior colliculus
36
a lesion to both the frontal eye fields and the superior colliculus results in
no saccades
37
a lesion to the frontal eye fields results in
the ability to make saccades to visual targets without the ability to to make saccades to remembered targets
38
a lesion to the superior coliculus results in
ability to make saccades to remembered targets but not to visual targets
39
what area is involved in controlling smooth pursuits
middle temporal area
40
if you see nystagmus think
lesion to the vestibular nerve
41
striatum =
caudate and putamen
42
Lentiform =
putamen and the globus pallidus
43
hemiballismus is ___ and results from ___
It is increase in movement due to damage of the subthalamic nucleus
44
huntington's is a problem of the
striatal neurons of the indirect pathway
45
dopamine is ____ to striatal neurons of the indirect pathway
inhibitory to
46
dopamine is _____ to the striatal neurons of the direct pathway
excitatory
47
indicrect pathway will ___ movement
decrease
48
direct pathway will ___movement
increase
49
major function of vestibulocerebellar pthway
balance and eye movements
50
major function of spinocerebellar pthway
motor execution, regulate tone, posture and locomotion
51
major function of cerebrocerbellum pthway
coordination and planning of voluntary movement
52
inputs to the vestibulocerebellar pathway
vestibular nerve, vestibular nucelei, inferior olive
53
sources of the outputs of the vestibulocerebellar pathway
perkinje cells and fastigial nucleus
54
targets of outputs of the vestibulocerebellar pathway
vestibular nuceli, reticular formation, VL of the thalamus
55
what part of the motor system does the vestibulocerebellar target?
UMN of medial pathways
56
Major signs of damage to the vestibulocerebellar pathway
stagering gait or nystagmus
57
inputs of the spinocerebellar pathway
all 4 of the spinocerebellar tracts and the inferior olive
58
sources of outputs of the spinocerebellar pathway
fastigial nucleus and interposed nucleus
59
targets of outputs of the spinocerebellar pathway
vestibular nuceli, reticular formation, VL of thalamus, red nucelus
60
part of motor system targeted by the spinocerebellar pathway
UMN of medial and lateral pathways
61
signs of damage to the spinocerebellar pathway
intention tremor
62
inputs of the cerebrocerebellar pathway
pontine nuclei (relaying info from the sensory and motor cerebral cortex) and inferior olive
63
sources of outputs of the cerebrocerebellar pathway
dentate nucleus
64
targets of outputs of the cerebrocerebellar pathway
VL of the thalamus and the red nucleus
65
part of motor system targeted by the cerebrocerebellar pathway
motor cortex
66
if you see gait ataxia and nystagmus and decide tht you have a problem with the verims and flocculonodular lobe aka vestibulocerebellar, what arteries may be involved
AICA - flocculus
PICA - vermis
SCA - rostral vermis
67
If you see a patient with incoordination of the limbs with decomposition of movement and you believe tht the paravermal and lateral hemispheres may be damaged, what arteres do youthink?
PICA - caudal portions of lateral hemispheres
| SCA - rostral portions of lateral hemispheres
68
patellar reflex level
L4
69
achilles reflex level
S1
70
what are the locations and relevant pathways ofthe five UMN
1- reticular formation: medial and lateral reticulospinal
2-vestibular nuceli - medial and lateral vestibulospinal tracts
3-superior colliculus- tectospinal
4- rednucleus -rubrospinal
5-motor cortex - corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts
71
describe the pathway of the medial vestibulospinal pathway
utricle and saccule --> medial vestibular nucelus --> descending MLF -> cervical spinal cord for neck movements and postural movements to stabalize head
72
describe the pathway of the lateral vestibulospinal pathway
utricle, saccule and cerebellumm --> lateral vestibular nucelus --> ipsilateral projections to the spinal cord
73
what are the lateal pathways used for?
to control the limbs
74
which pthways are consdered lateral pathways
corticospinal and rubrospinal
75
path of rubrospinal tract?
originates in the red nucleus, crossesmidline and descends laterally
76
the medial pathways are the ___ and are important for maintaing posture and balance
vestibulospinal, tectospinal and reticulopsinal
77
tectospinal originates
originates in the superior colliculus
78
the tectospinal is responsible for
turning gaze to an area of interst
79
where do the medial and lateral reticulospinal trct originate
medial in the pons
| lateral in the medulla
80
what are the reticulospinal trats important for
influence on muscle tone
81
what is in the inferior cerebellar peduncle?
spinal cerebellar tracts heading to cerebelum
82
what is in the middle cerebellar peduncle?
neurons from the cortex that travel via the pontine nuclei
83
what is in the superior cerebellar peduncle?
mostly outputs from the deep nuclei of the cerebellum to the thalamus
84
wernike and broca are located on which side of the brain?
the left
85
the sensory/ expressive language area is
Wernicke, posterior
86
the motor/ expressive languge area is
Broca, anterior
87
what connects the wernicke and broca areas
arcuate fasciculus
88
pathway of repeating a spoken word
primary auditory cortex --> wernicke --> Broca --> motor primary cortex --> corticobulbar
89
repeating a written word
eyes --> primrary visual cortex --> wernicke --> broca --> motor cortex
90
WADA test
uses a barbituate to determine dominant side.
91
brocas aphasia is
nonfluent, very simple sentences, comprehesion is preserved. right hemiparesis in the arm
(MCA)
92
wernicke's aphasia
speech is fluent but they arent making any sense.No motor signs
93
conduction aphasia
arcuate fasciculus impaired so fluent and comprehesion is preserved but cannot repeat
94
a lesion of the left occipital lobe and in the splenium of the corpus callosum would be caused by _____ and would lead to _____
PCA
the connections between the unilateral language areas are severed. So you get pure alexia (inability to read) without agraphia (inaibility to write)
95
a lesion of the dominant angular gyrus would cause
alexia and agraphia
96
dyslexia is believed to be due to
a lack of assymmetry in the planum temporale
97
the right hemisphere contributes to language in what way?
stress, timing and intonation --> monotone and dont understand jokes
98
the loss of musical skills results from
infarction of the posterior part of the right superior temporal gyrus
99
spacial perception is processed by the
superior parietal lobule
100
asomatognosia is the
neglect of personal space
101
damage to the right (nondominant) superior parietal lobe results in
asomatognosia on the left side
102
prosopagnosia
inability to recognize faces
103
which lobe is responsible for personality
frontal lobe
104
two areas involved in consciousness?
1) The reticular formation: responsible for wakefulness
| 2) The cerebral cortex: responsible for state of awareness
105
type of waves when alert and awake and in REM
beta waves, 14-30 hz, high frequency, low amplitude
106
typeof waves when quiet waking / eyes closed
alpha waves, 8-14
107
type of waves in sleep stage 1 and 2
theta waves, 4-8 hz
108
type of waves in sleep stage 3 and 4
delta waves, .5-4 hz
109
what keeps the thalamus in transmission mode?
cholinergic inputs from the rostral pons and basal forbrain. pedunculopontine and laterodorsal tegmental nuclei
110
what keeps the thalamus in burst mode?
the reticular nucelus releasing GABA and hyperpolarizing the thalamus
111
charactersitics of REM sleep
loss of muscle tone, eye movements, high frequency and low amplitude waves. No regulation od body temperature, sympathetics lost,
112
PGO spikes are
ponto-geniculo occipital spikes, correlated with eye movements in REM sleep
113
PGO ON SPIKES are regulated by
nucleus reticularis pontis oralis
114
PGO OFF spikes are rgulated by the
serotonergic cell in the raphe nuclei of the brainstem which regulate the nucleus reticularis pontis oralis
115
what regulates circadian rythms
suprachiastmatic nucleus
116
narcoslepy is
onset of REM sleep
117
cataplexy is
abrupt loss of muscle tone without loss of consciousness
118
sleepwalking occurs during
the 1st stage 4 non-REM period
119
caffeine is an antagonist to
adenosine receptors (adenosine is sleep promotine)
120
auras preceed the onset of
focal seizures
121
petit mal siezures are
absence siezures which are non convulsive and found in children
122
Grand mal seizures
tonic - clonic -patient falls to the ground rigid followed by jerking
123
myoclonic siezures
brief jerking movement with both sides of body
124
most frequent site of epileptic focus
medial surface of the temporal lobe
125
smells, deja vu, fear and anxiety auras are due to
amygdala being involved in the damaged area
126
the two forms of memory are
declarative and nondeclrative. declarative pertains to dates and facts, non-declarative pertains to habits.
127
the aquisition of declarative memories is due to the
medial temporal lobe
128
classical conditioning is
an innate reflex assocaited with an unrelated stimulus
129
operant conditioning is
the probabilty of an altered behavioral response by association with reward
130
retrograde amnesia
loss of memory for events prior to the trauma
131
anterograde amnesia
inability to form new memories following brain trauma
132
the cell affected in Alzheimer's disease are
Hippocampal pyramidal cells
133
bilateral lesions of the mammillary bodies leads to
Korsakoff syndrome
134
what is the structure most involved with nondeclarative memories
the striatum
135
what is working emory
retention od information needed to guide ingoing learning and behaviours
136
what structure seems to be responsible for working memory
the hippocampus
137
what area is responsible for problem solving using recent information to change behavior?
the prefrontal cortex
138
senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles are often seen in
Alzheimer's disease
139
a hall mark of alzheimer's disease is ____ plaques
amyloid
140
limbic system most involved with emotion is
amygdala
141
what are the three nuceli of the amygdala
basolateral nuclei
corticomedial nuclei
central nucleus
142
wht is the fx of the basolateral nuclei
visual, auditory, gustatory and tactile afferents
143
fx of the corticomedial nuclei
receive olfactory afferents
144
fx of the central nucleus
out put of the amygldala
145
electrical stimulation of the amygdala priduces
fear
146
urbache wiethe disease
is degenerative condition assciated with calcium deposit on the amygdala. Results in inaibility to discern fear.
147
neuropathic pains results from a
direct injury to nerves in the PNS --> burning sensation
148
scale of choice?
visual analogue scale
149
children use what type of scale?
category scale
150
thermoreceptive specific cell types in the dorsal horn respond to
innicuous cooling
151
sensory-discriminative type of pain is
sense of the intensity, location, quality and duration of the pain
152
the sensory-discriminative type of pain is sensed where
in the lateral system
153
motivational-affective component of pain is
unpleasantness and urge to escape the unpleasantness
154
The motivational-affective component of pain is sensed in the
medial system
155
main player in initiation and modulation of descending controls of nociceptive information
Periaqueductal grey
156
examples of acidic antipyretics are ___ and they can be used in treating ___
apririn and NSAIDs = ibuprofen
| use to treat acute and chronic pain, inflammation
157
examples of non-acidic antipyretics are ___ and they can be used to treat ___
acetaminophen,
| used to treat acute pain and fever
158
naloxone is an
opioid antagonist that has a high affinity for morphine receptor sites. It reverses the effect of opioid analgesics by displacement
159
the reticular formation
modulates pain, muscle tone and reflexes and wakefulness
160
midline raphe nucelus
produces seratonin, and regulates pain, arousal, and sleep
161
locus cerelius are
NE projecting cells - only sourceof NE in the brain
162
parasaggital lateral nuceli are the only source of
ACH in the brain
163
anterior hypothalamus influenes
PNS
164
posterior hypothalamus influences
SNS
165
the magnocellular region of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei make
ADH and Oxytocin
166
tubuloinfundibular region of the hypothaamus
brings hormones to the posterior pituitary
167
the posterior nucleus of the hypothalamus ______ heat
generates
168
the anterior nucleus of the hypothalamus _____ heat
dissipates
169
the lateral nuclei of the hypothalamus generates
eating
170
the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus ___ eating
decreases
171
damage to the lateral nuclei of the hypothalamus would lead to the
body wasting away
172
the anterolateral and the DC project to the ___ of the thalamus
VPL
173
the trigeminal system projects to the ___ of the thalamus
VPM
174
the inferior colliculus projects to the ____ for ______
inferior colliculus projects to the MGB for hearing
175
the superior colliculus projects to the ____ for ______
LGB for vision
176
VL of the thalamus
cerebellum projects to the VL then goes to the precentral gyrus and frontal cortex for motor and movement planning
177
the thalamus is fed by what artery
PCA
178
infarction of the inferolateral artery does what
thalamic syndrone, with sensory loss, ataxia and paralysis t the contralateral side
179
posterior commisure coordiantes
eye movements
180
association fibers
connect adjacent gyri
181
conductive aphasia
can produce speech and can follow commands but cannot repeat
182
the projections of corticospinals through the internal capsule, the face is anterior or posterior
anterior
