NBCOT Flashcards
(182 cards)
1
Q
Spatial organization and motor planning
A
exposing to situations that require problem solving by challenging the child to move his body in relation to objects in the environment
2
Q
Carpal tunnel syndrome
A
condition that results from compression of the median nerve at the wrist. A wrist cock up splint positions the wrist in 10 to 12 degrees in extension to prevent further damage
3
Q
Visual agnosia
A
the inability to recognize common objects and demonstrate their use in an activity
4
Q
Apraxia
A
the inability to perform purposeful movement on command
5
Q
Stereognosia
A
identifying objects through touch only
6
Q
Athetoid
A
characterized by uncontrolled movement and widely fluctuating tone. When tone rapidly shifts from hypertonic to hypotonic
7
Q
Hypertonic
A
impaired ability to control movement
8
Q
Hypotonic
A
low tone, results in flaccid muscles and floppy movements
9
Q
Spastic
A
relating to or affected by muscle spasm
10
Q
Proximal to distal approach
A
begins at the center of the body, then proceeds to the extremities. Ex. Improve posture, then improve shoulder stability, then improve grasps
11
Q
Cerebral Palsy
A
a group of disorders that affect a person’s ability to move and maintain balance and posture
12
Q
Hip Fracture
A
A break in the upper quarter of the thighbone, near the hip joint
13
Q
Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
A
a neurologic disease commonly seen in young adults resulting in varying symptoms such as sensory disturbances, vision loss, generalized weakness, incoordination and overall loss of function
14
Q
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
A
is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects nerve cells in the brain and the spinal cord. “A” means no. “Myo” refers to muscle, and “Trophic” means nourishment - “No muscle nourishment.”
15
Q
Envelopment
A
Degree to which a person sinks (wheelchair)
16
Q
Ataxia
A
Impaired balance and coordination
17
Q
Dysphagia
A
Difficulty swallowing
18
Q
Dysarthria
A
Difficulty with speech
19
Q
Bradykinesia
A
slowness of movement and is one of the cardinal manifestations of Parkinson’s disease.
20
Q
Guillain-Barré syndrome
A
a condition when immune system attacks your nerves.. It causes muscle weakness, loss of reflexes, and numbness or tingling in your arms, legs, face, and other parts of your body
21
Q
Cystic Fibrous
A
an inherited life-threatening disorder that damages the lungs and digestive system
22
Q
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
A
a lung disease characterized by chronic obstruction of lung airflow that interferes with normal breathing and is not fully reversible
23
Q
Emphysema
A
Diagnosis of COPD - clients have hyperinflated lungs, which partially expand the ribcage
24
Q
Aphasia
A
gets in the way of a person’s ability to use or understand words. Aphasia does not impair the person’s intelligence. People who have aphasia may have difficulty speaking and finding the “right” words to complete their thoughts
25
Huntington's disease
is a progressive loss of motor control. Is an inherited disease that causes the progressive breakdown (degeneration) of nerve cells in the brain. This disease has a broad impact on a person's functional abilities and usually results in movement, thinking (cognitive) and psychiatric disorders. Problems with word retrieval so closed-ended questions are important.
26
Dyspraxia
Deficient motor planning that is often related to a decrease in sensory processing
27
Deficient motor planning that is often related to a decrease in sensory processing
is an abnormal body posture that involves the arms and legs being held straight out, the toes being pointed downward, and the head and neck being arched backwards
28
Decorticate posture
Upper extremities in decorticate rigidity are spastic and flexed, with internal rotation and adduction
29
Orthostatic hypotension
occurs when the person's blood pressure drops on assuming an upright posture
30
Orthostatic hypertension
is a medical condition consisting of a sudden increase in blood pressure when a person stands up
31
Peripheral Vascular Disease (PVD)
a blood circulation disorder that causes the blood vessels outside of your heart and brain to narrow, block, or spasm
32
Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)
a serious condition that occurs when a blood clot forms in a vein located deep inside your body
33
Pulmonary Embolism (PE)
a sudden blockage in a lung artery. It usually happens when a blood clot breaks loose and travels through the bloodstream to the lungs
34
Ischemic Stroke
also referred to as brain ischemia and cerebral ischemia. This type of stroke is caused by a blockage in an artery that supplies blood to the brain
35
Embolic Stroke
Occurs when a blood clot or debris travels from one part of the body and lodges in a narrower brain artery, blocking blood flow to the brain
36
Thrombotic Stroke
strokes caused by a blood clot that develops in the arteries supplying blood to the brain
37
Hemorrhagic Stroke
also called an intracerebral hemorrhage, or an ICH. An ICH occurs when a blood vessel ruptures and blood accumulates in the tissue around the rupture
38
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Bleeding in the space between the brain and the tissue covering the brain
39
Left CVA
- Right-sided weakness or paralysis and sensory impairment
- Problems with speech and understanding language (aphasia)
- Visual problems, including the inability to see the right visual field of each eye
- Impaired ability to do math or to organize, reason, and analyze items
- Behavioral changes, such as depression, cautiousness, and hesitancy
- Impaired ability to read, write, and learn new information
- Memory problems
- Other Symptoms: right hemiplegia or hemiparesis, apraxia, hemianopia, impaired sequencing skills, be slow or cautious and show receptive, expressive, or global aphasia
40
Right CVA
- Left-sided weakness or paralysis and sensory impairment
- Visual problems, including an inability to see the left visual field of each eye
- Spatial problems with depth perception or directions, such as up or down and front or back
- Inability to localize or recognize body parts
- Inability to understand maps and find objects, such as clothing or toiletry items
- Memory problems
- Behavioral changes, such as lack of concern about situations, impulsivity, inappropriateness, and depression
- Other Symptoms: Spatial and perceptual deficits; Attention and focusing issues; Agnosia (difficulty recognising objects, faces, voices or places); Neglecting the left side of the body; Difficulty following instructions or answering consecutive questions
41
Posterior Cerebral Artery Stroke
```
Contralateral homonymous hemianopia
Cortical blindness (bilateral lesions)
Deficits in long-term and short-term memory
Behaviour alteration (agitation, anger, paranoia)
```
42
Anterior Cerebral Artery Stroke
```
Disinhibition and speech perseveration.
Primitive reflexes (eg, grasping, sucking reflexes)
Altered mental status.
Impaired judgment.
Contralateral weakness (greater in legs than arms)
Contralateral cortical sensory deficits.
Gait apraxia.
Urinary incontinence.
```
43
Middle Cerebral Artery Stroke
stroke may cause language deficits, as well as weakness, sensory deficits and visual defects on the opposite side of the body.
are generally embolic as opposed to thrombotic
44
Allen Cognitive Levels
Provides a description of the patient's level of occupational functioning and his/her ability to perform familiar activities, as well as to learn new ones
45
Work Conditioning
Work related, intensive, goal-oriented treatment program designed to restore an individual systemic, neuromusculoskeletal (strength, endurance, movement, flexibility, and motor control) and cardiopulmonary functions.
46
Work Hardening
Highly structured, goal-oriented, individualized treatment program designed to return a person back to work. Utilizes real or simulated work activities to restore physical, behavioral and vocational functions
47
Manual Muscle Test
A procedure for the evaluation of strength of individual muscle or muscles group, based upon the effective performance of a movement in relation to the forces of gravity or Manual Resistance through the available Range of motion (ROM).
48
Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation (NMES)
Used to evoke muscle contraction through stimulation of the intact or partially intact peripheral nervous system. NMES is considered safe and effective with minimal contraindications.
49
Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS)
The application of electrical stimulation for pain control. The use of this intervention provides the therapist with a technology to provide an analgesic effect that facilitates occupational performance and function
50
Iontophoresis
A method of topically delivering medication or drugs into a localized area of tissue by using the force of direct electrical current to create a therapeutic effect.
51
Rood Approach
This theory is that appropriate sensory stimulation can elicit specific motor responses, so combined controlled sensory stimulation with a sequence of positions and activities that replicate normal progression of motor skills to achieve purposeful muscular responses.
52
Brunnstrom Approach
This theory uses the motor patterns available to the patient throughout the recovery process. The goal is to allow progress through the stages of recovery and that synergies, reflexes, and other abnormal movement patterns are a normal part of the process toward more normal and complex movement patterns
53
Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation
Based on normal movement and motor development with the understanding that the brain registers total movement and not individual muscle action. This approach use mass movement patterns that resemble normal movement during functional activities to help strengthen weak components of movements.
54
O*NET
An online, searchable database for information about occupations. Includes an enormous amount of data that can make it difficult to use in a qualitative fashion
55
Dictionary of Occupational Titles (DOT)
The DOT defines occupations in the United States and the physical demands of work. It provides definitions of the overall level of work, strength demands, and frequency of the physical demands. Was replaced in 1998.
56
Work Readiness Programs
- A program with a focus on skills that are important because they ensure workers have the basic academic, critical thinking and personal skills necessary to maintain employment.
- Assists people who desire to work in finding job options that match the individuals interest, skills, and abilities.May help people identify specific goals to pursue and develop a plan to help them work toward their goals
57
IRF-PAI
An assessment of functional independence used to determine rates of prospective payment for patients discharged by inpatient rehabilitation facilities.
58
OASIS
group of data elements represent core items of a comprehensive assessment for an adult home care patient, form the basis for measuring patient outcomes, and determine agency reimbursement.
59
Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM)
an individualized measure designed for use by occupational therapists to detect self-perceived change in occupational performance problems over time; includes self care, productivity, and leisure
60
Executive function Performance Test
a top-down performance assessment designed to examine cognitive integration and functioning. The EFPT serves three purposes:
1) To determine which deficits are impacting function.
2) To determine an individual's capacity for independent functioning.
3) How much assistance necessary for task complete
61
Functional Independence Measure (FIM)
Measures the level of a patient’s disability and indicates how much assistance is required for the individual to carry out activities of daily living
62
Barthel Index
Asses the ability of an individual of a neuromuscular or musculoskeletal disorder to care for him/herself
63
Ecology of Human Performance (EHP)
Focuses on a person's context and how the features from the environment or context impact a person's task performance.
Occupational therapists cannot realize the complexity and uniqueness of the person’s situation without considering the context
64
Individualized Family Service Plan
A written treatment plan that maps out the EI services your child will receive, as well as how and when these services will be administered
65
Individualized Educational Program Plan
a plan or program developed to ensure that a child with an identified disability who is attending an elementary or secondary educational institution receives specialized instruction and related services
66
Section 504 Plan
a plan developed to ensure that a child who has a disability identified under the law and is attending an elementary or secondary educational institution receives accommodations that will ensure their academic success and access to the learning environment
67
Principle 1: Beneficence
The OT practitioner will contribute to the good health and welfare of the client
68
Principle 2: Nonmaleficence
The practitioner should not inflict harm on the client.
Ensures that OT practitioners maintain therapeutic relationships that do not exploit clients physically, emotionally, psychologically, socially, sexually, or financially
69
Principle 3: Autonomy and Confidentiality
Autonomy is the freedom to decide and the freedom to act.
Confidentiality refers to the expectation that information shared by the client with the OT will be kept private and shared only with those directly involved with the intervention
70
Principle 4: Social Justice
OT practitioners provide services in a fair and equitable manner to all
71
Principle 5: Procedural Justice
OT practitioners are obligated to comply with the laws and regulations that guide the profession
72
Principle 6: Veracity
The duty of the healthcare professional to tell the truth
73
Principle 7: Fidelity (faithfulness)
Describes the interactions between an OT practitioner and his or her colleagues and other professionals.
Includes statements concerning taking measures to discourage, prevent, expose, or correct any breaches of the code
74
Continuous Quality Improvement (CQI)
a deliberate, defined process which is focused on activities that are responsive to community needs and improving population health
75
Colles' Fracture
a complete fracture of the radius bone of the forearm close to the wrist resulting in an upward (posterior) displacement of the radius and obvious deformity
76
Encephalitis
Inflammation of the brain, often due to infection
77
ASIA impairment scale (AIS)
Used to determine level of impairment to the spinal cord after an injury.
Results are based on:
sensory testing of each dermatome for right and left sides
manual muscle testing for right and left sides
78
ASIA impairment scale (AIS A)
complete lesion with no motor or sensory function preserved in the sacral segments S4-S5
79
ASIA impairment scale (AIS B)
Incomplete lesion with sensory but no motor function preserved below the neurological level; includes the sacral segments S4-S5
80
ASIA impairment scale (AIS C)
Incomplete lesion with motor function preserved below the neurological level
More than half of key muscles below the neurological level have a muscle grade less than 3 (fair)
81
ASIA impairment scale (AIS D)
Neurological classification for the level of impairment to the spinal cord after injury, characterized by:
Incomplete lesion with motor function preserved below the neurological level
At least half of key muscles below the neurological level have a muscle grade of 3 (fair) or more strength
82
ASIA impairment scale (AIS E)
Neurological classification for the level of impairment to the spinal cord after injury, characterized by:
Normal motor and sensory function
83
Clinical reasoning
Reflective and cognitive process whereby the practitioner integrates information from all aspects of care and interactions to problem solve and understand application of best practice
84
Procedural reasoning
Professional reasoning that involves using evidence-based evaluation methods and intervention techniques to support progress toward improving occupational performance
85
Deductive Reasoning
Conclusions drawn based on facts, laws, rules or accepted principles
86
Analytical Reasoning
Process of interpreting the meaning of information, determining relationships and making assumptions about the information
87
Inferential Reasoning
Process of drawing conclusions or making logical judgments based on factors, concepts and evidence rather than direct observations
88
Evaluative Reasoning
Process by which merits of an argument are weighed for their validity and the inherent value of argument itself is critiqued
89
Open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF)
a type of treatment to fix a broken bone. It puts the pieces of a broken bone back together so they can heal.
90
Bay Area Functional Performance Evaluation (BaFPE)
in inpatient and outpatient settings to evaluate the functional performance of psychiatric, brain injured, geriatric, or developmentally disabled adults as well as adolescents in treatment or special education settings. It can be used for treatment, discharge planning, documentation and outcome studies
91
Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA)
a cognitive screening test designed to assist Health Professionals in the detection of mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease
92
Craig Hospital Inventory of Environmental Factors (CHIEF)
Assesses the degree to which elements of physical, social, and political environments act as barriers or facilitators to full participation for people with disabilities.
93
Home Environmental Assessment Protocol
consists of 192 items that are summed into separate indices representing the number of hazards, adaptations, and level of clutter and comfort in eight areas of the home.
94
The Housing Enabler (HE)
assesses a person’s functional limitations and the home environment for physical barriers that may threaten accessibility.
95
Dialectical behavior therapy
A cognitive-behavioral treatment protocol for complex and difficult to treat mental disorders that uses psychotherapy with psychosocial skills training to help individuals tolerate distressful feelings.
The four modules include mindfulness, interpersonal effectiveness, emotion modulation, and distress tolerance
96
Diplegia
paralysis of corresponding parts on both sides of the body, typically affecting the legs more severely than the arms.
97
Hemiplegia
a severe or complete loss of strength or paralysis on one side of the body
98
Hemiparesis
a mild or partial weakness or loss of strength on one side of the body.
99
Kyphosis
A forward rounding of the back
100
Lordosis
(also known as swayback) is when the lower back, above the buttocks, curves inward too much, causing the child's abdomen to protrude and buttocks to stick out
101
Scoliosis
is a sideways curvature of the spine
102
Premotor perseveration
results in repetition of movements and difficulty transitioning from one aspect of an activity to another
103
Cerebellum
means “little brain,” is primarily involved in coordinating movement and balance.
the part of the brain at the back of the skull in vertebrates. Its function is to coordinate and regulate muscular activity
104
Attention
difficulty screening out irrelevant information and sustaining attention over long periods of time
105
Memory
typically, good short term memory but working memory is the problem
106
Executive Function
refers to challenges with organizing, sequencing, planning, and problem solving
107
Hallucinations
usually occur in acute phases where clients see, hear, smell, taste or even feel something that isn't really there. Sensory based
108
Delusions
ideas and beliefs that are strongly held in the mind and account for suspicious and guarded behavior
109
Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT)
centers on uncovering distorted beliefs and faulty thinking patterns and practicing alternative cognitive and behavior patterns
110
Assertiveness training
help people reduce anxiety by helping them with interpersonal skills by confronting intimidating situations in a way that offers more personal control. How to initiate, maintain, and end conversations
111
Attention Based and Disruptive Disorders
presents with difficulty paying attention, listening, organizing, and focusing. They are typically forgetful, easily distracted, fidgety, on the go, difficulty engaging quietly, impulsive, difficult to wait, blurts things out, and often interrupts.
112
Conduct disorders
involve individuals engaging in high risk or harmful activities that are beyond the typical realm of acting out and involve violating the basic rights of others such as aggression to people and animals, destruction of property, and serious violations of rules
113
Oppositional Defiant Disorder
involve individuals who cannot follow instructions or take directions. They become anxious, aggressive, or distressed when their sense of control is threatened
114
Reactive attachment disorder (RAD)
The individual may be inhibited or withdrawn and unable to form attachments with any one person, or disinhibited, or forming attachments with any person
115
Tardive dyskinesia
causes repetitive, involuntary movements, such as grimacing and eye blinking
116
Chorea
a neurological disorder characterized by jerky involuntary movements affecting especially the shoulders, hips, and face.
117
Asymmetrical tonic neck reflex (ATNR)
when the head turns to the left, extension of the left arm and leg and flexion of right arm and leg
118
Symmetrical tonic neck reflex (STNR)
flexion of the neck results in extension of the arm and flexion of the legs.
119
Borderline personality disorder
an illness marked by an ongoing pattern of varying moods, self-image, and behavior. These symptoms often result in impulsive actions and problems in relationships.
120
Narcissistic personality disorder
a mental condition in which people have an inflated sense of their own importance, a deep need for excessive attention and admiration, troubled relationships, and a lack of empathy for others.
121
Paranoid Personality Disorder (PPD)
a mental health condition defined by a person feeling deeply wary of others, always on guard for signs that someone is trying to threaten, mistreat, or deceive them.
122
Orthostatic hypotension
Sudden drop or decrease in one's BP usually due to positional change (going from supine to upright)
123
Autonomic dysreflexia
Following a SCI one may have uncontrolled hypertension due to restrictive clothing, bladder infection, irritable bowel syndrome, etc
124
Generalization Learning
the application of previously learned concepts and behaviors to similar situations, a cognitive performance component of occupational therapy.
125
Automaticity
defined as “the ability to recall previously learned or experienced information from memory quickly and accurately without conscious thought
126
Acquisition
addresses how we gain skills that allow us to function in our environment. It is based on learning theories and views behavior as an adaptive response to the environment.
127
Advisory leadership
OT functions as a resource to the members, who set the agenda and structure the group's functioning
128
Precontemplation
Before an individual even considers change, person resists change.
129
Contemplation
The individual starts to consider changing, kind of unsure, but considers the pros and cons of changing.
130
Determination
The drive to at least start to change some behaviors.
131
Action
Implementing behavioral change
132
Maintenance
The individual is learning to maintain the changes that they have implemented
133
The Mendelsohn maneuver
a method of intentionally holding the larynx when the larynx is elevated, so that activation of the suprahyoid muscles is induced
134
Moro Reflex
This reflex acts as the baby’s “fight or flight” response to the world. This important reflex usually integrates into the adult startle response by four months. (More about the Moro Reflex further in the article)
135
Rooting Reflex
Stroking a baby’s cheek will cause the child to turn and open the mouth. This helps with breastfeeding. Usually disappears by four months.
136
Palmer Reflex
This is the automatic flexing of the fingers to grab an object if palm is stimulated. This reflex should integrate by six months.
137
Asymmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex (ATNR)
is seen when you lay a baby on its back and turn their head. The arm and leg on the side the child is looking at should extend while the opposite side bends. This response should end by six months.
138
Spinal Galant
This reflex happens when the skin on the side of an infant’s back is stroked. The child should swing towards that side. The spinal galant should inhibit by nine months.
139
Tonic Labyrinthine Reflex (TLR)
helps with head management and prepares the baby for rolling over, sitting up, crawling, standing and walking. This reflex actually integrates slowly while other core systems mature and should disappear by three and a half years old.
140
Landau Reflex
helps with posture and is not present at birth. When the child’s head lifts it causes the entire trunk to flex. This reflex emerges by three months and disappears around the first year.
141
Symmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex (STNR)
this reflex divides the body along the midline to assist with crawling. You can view this reflex by watching the baby’s head drop towards its chest while the arms bend and the legs extend.
142
Absence Seizure
causes you to blank out or stare into space for a few seconds.
involves brief, sudden lapses in attention
143
Modified Ashworth Scale
a muscle tone assessment scale used to assess the resistance experienced during passive range of motion
144
Disinhibition
an impairment associated with limitations in ability to self-regulate socially acceptable behaviors.
145
Perseveration
the inability to stop an action or activity.
146
Crepitus
a grating sound or sensation produced by friction between bone and cartilage or the fractured parts of a bone
147
Angina
chest pain
148
Dyspnea
shortness of breath
149
Orthopnea
Shortness of breath while supine
150
Diaphoresis
clammy skin and cold
151
Bronchiectasis
a long-term condition where the airways of the lungs become abnormally widened, leading to a build-up of excess mucus that can make the lungs more vulnerable to infection.
152
Asthma
A condition in which a person's airways become inflamed, narrow and swell, and produce extra mucus, which makes it difficult to breathe.
153
Sarcoidosis
a disease characterized by the growth of tiny collections of inflammatory cells (granulomas) in any part of your body
Most patients initially complain of a persistent dry cough, fatigue, and shortness of breath
154
Orthopnea
shortness of breath while supine
155
Tachypnea
increased respiratory rate
156
Apnea
pauses in breathing
157
Hypoxia
decreased oxygen in the body
158
Hypoxemia
decreased oxygen in the blood
159
Anoxia
no oxygen Wheezing
160
Cheyne-Stokes respiration
increased respirations with moments of apnea
161
Respiratory arrest
patient stops breathing
162
Diaphragmatic or abdominal breathing
stomach rises as you inhale & lowers as you exhale
163
Pursed-lip breathing
smell the flowers, blow out the candle
164
Tangential speech
describes a situation in which the client moves from topic to topic with a loose pattern of thought.
165
Tenolysis
surgery to remove adhesions from a tendon.
| Redness, swelling, more pain, a lot of bleeding, or any leaking from the incision
166
Volumeter
designed to objectively measure volume of the body part by using the fluid displacement method.
167
Individual Placement and Support (IPS)
a supportive employment approach that involves securing a job placement site, then teaching the client the specific job skills for that workplace
168
Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF)
used to evaluate self-regulation and executive function in adolescents who have neurological or developmental conditions.
169
Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy (CIMT)
describes a package of interventions designed to decrease the impact of a stroke on the upper-limb (UL) function of some stroke survivors.
CIMT forces the use of the affected side by restraining the unaffected side.
170
Emergent Awareness
characterized by difficulty or inability to recognize and correct errors in performance.
171
Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease
a neurological disorder that impacts voluntary muscle control and muscle strength. As the condition progresses, an orthosis may assist to compensate for hand weakness and promote function.
172
Work related Carpal Tunnel
occupational factors play a role in tension or pain in the median nerve, particularly work which involves exposure to repetitive movements and/or hand-held vibratory tools.
173
Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE)
a tool for measuring an individual’s effort and exertion, breathlessness and fatigue during physical work and so is highly relevant for occupational health and safety practice
174
Syndactyly Release
surgery to separate fused digits, create a normal web space, and improve both function and esthetics of the hand.
175
Scaffolding
a cognitive technique where the OTR structures an activity to support for components of the task that are too difficult for the client, and provides an opportunity for the client to successfully complete task components within the client's capabilities.
176
Phonation switch
Type of single-switch interface activated by speech or sound, used to operate assistive devices such as computers and environmental control units.
177
Pneumatic switch
a device that activates or deactivates an electrical signal in a system based on the level of air pressure detected by the component.
178
Plate switch
the metal plate in front of an electrical switch box through which the plugs or tumblers protrude; responds to minimal force
179
Dysmetria
a condition in which there is improper measuring of distance in muscular acts
180
Macular Degeneration
The most common eye condition that leads to low vision. Degeneration of this area of the retina is responsible for impairment to central vision and much of color vision;
Progresses for several years resulting in central scotomas (blindspots)
181
Diabetic Retinopathy
Occurs when small blood vessels in the retina stop functioning properly; typically results in reduced contrast sensitivity and color vision.
182
Glaucoma
Causes clouding over the lens of the eye, decreasing the amount of light passing through the lens and limiting vision
Begins with initial loss in the mid peripheral field, progressing toward the center and periphery
