NBME 17 Flashcards
(57 cards)
Monoclonal antibody prepration for treatment of inflammatory bowel disease will target which cytokine?
Tumor necrosis factor
What are the components of the HELLP syndrome in pregnant women.
Hemolytic anemia, elevated liver enzymes, low platelet count
What does aflatoxin increase the risk of? What can you get it from.
Hepatocellular carcinoma, aspergillus fungus
Treatments for ADHD will focus on increasing which neurotransmittes.
NE and dopamine
What are the symptoms of iron overloadings
Liver damage, pancreatic damage, low insulin, sex hormones too low, skin bronzing ‘bronze diabetes’, small testes
Which enzyme converts dopamine to NE.
Dopamine B-hydroxylase
Which enzyme converts L-DOPA to dopamine
Dopamine decarboxylase
Which cranial hematoma will present with a lucid interval and a CNIII palsy.
Epidural hematoma
Which cranial hematoma is the only one to NOT cross suture lines.
Epidural hematoma
Describe everything about cyclosporine.
Immunosuppressive drug that inhibits IL2 transcription thereby inhibition lymphocyte proliferation. inhibits calcineurin by binding to cyclophilin. Used for Psoriasis and rheumatoid arthritis. Can cause nephrotoxicity
If a patient has involuntary muscle movements, hyperreflexia and pins and needles tingling sensation, which electrolyte is most likely messed up.
Calcium
Which cranial nerve causes soft palate elevation and uvula stationed in midline.
Vagus
What is the treatment for hereditary spherocytosis.
Splenectomy since spleen killing the cells causes the anemia
How do you distinguish cause of stable vs unstable angina.
Stable angina- stable stenosis greater than 70%
Unstable angina- unstable atherosclerotic plaque
What is the difference between thyroxine and triiodothyronine?
Thyroxine is T4, produced by thyroid. T4 converted to T3 in peripheral tissues. T3 is five times as active as T4.
Why does NSAID use sometime result in acute renal failure?
NSAIDs will inhibit prostaglandin production, so there will be no vasodilation at the affarent arteriole, decreasing GFR
How dantrolene reverse anesthetic induced hyperthemia?
Dantrolene is a ryanodine receptor antagonist so it will block calcium release from sacroplasmic reticulum
Describe the innervations of the internal anal sphincter.
Contraction- sympathetic hypogastric and superior rectal plexus
Release- parasympathetic pelvic splanchnic plexus
[review the plexuses]
What is the first objective sign of puberty in females.
breast bud development
What factor is important is causing mycobacterium leprae to infect skin rather than dermal organisms
Cool temperature
Why does heparin sometimes cause thrombocytopenia in patients.
development of IgG antibodies against heparin bound platelet factor 4
What are some hallmarks of patients presenting with pulmonary sarcoidosis?
African-American females, CXR shows bilateraly hilar adenopathy, increased calcium due to increased Vitamin D activation in macrophages by 1 alpha hydroxylase. erythema nodosum, bells palsy, elevated CD4/CD8 fluid ration in bronchoalveolar lavage
What does 1a-hydroxylase do in vitamin D activation. What is in regulated by?
Converts storage form, 25OH-vitamin D to 1, 25OH-Vitamin D [active form]. Positive feedback from PTH and if phosphate levels go too low.
In a patient with sarcoidosis, which form of vitamin D would increase?
1,25OH
