NBSS Flashcards
(118 cards)
1
Q
Cranial Nerve 1:
The Olfactory bulb rests on the thin (…) plate. Many small olfactory nerves run from the nasal epithelieumm through the (…) plate & connect to the bulb. here they synapse onto 2nd order neurons.
A
cribiform
2
Q
What is the role of the Olfactory tract?
A
it relays info from the olfactory nerves into the Olfactory cortex.
The cortex is made up of the olfactory tubercules and pirirform cortex.
3
Q
The Amygdala is part of the (…) system that is involved in emotional reactions and the formation of aversive memories.
A
limbic
4
Q
Projections from the Olfactory cortex go the Amygdala, Entorhinal cortex,, (…) & thymus
A
Hippocampus
5
Q
Projections from the Olfactory cortex go the Amygdala, (…) ,, Hippocampus & thymus
A
Entorhinal cortex
6
Q
The optic chiasm is an x shaped cross of nerves that is formed from the crossing of the (…)
The (…) is the 2nd Cranial Nerve and their fibers start in the retina.
A
(optic nerves)
7
Q
The Olfactory nerve is also known as (…) and conveys sensory information related to smell.
A
the 1st cranial nerve
8
Q
the optic nerve becomes the optic tract after is passes through the Optic chiasm (cross).
the nerves then synapse onto (…) neurons in the LGN of the thalamus.
These (…) then pass the Optic Radiation to enter the visual cortex.
A
Second order
9
Q
Where is the Visual cortex found?
A
The posterior part of the Occipital lobe.
10
Q
Light from the (…) goes into the nasal part of the retina.
Axons in the nasal retina cross over in the optic chiasm to reach the (…) LGN
A
lateral visual field
contralateral
11
Q
Light from the (…) visual field goes into the temporal part of the retina.
Axons here terminate in the (…) IGN
A
contralateral visual field
Ipsilateral IGN
12
Q
The 8th Cranial nerve is also known as the (…). it is involved in hearing and retaining balance.
It emerges from the (…) between the joining of the pons and medulla.
A
(vestibulocohlear nerve)
CPA - Cerebellopontine angle
13
Q
Fibres of the vestibulocochlear nerve terminate in the (…) & (…) nuclei. these can be found on the floor of the 4th ventricle.
A
Vestibular & Cochlear
14
Q
Where is the Olfactory cortex found?
A
In the temporal lobe.
The cortex is made up of the olfactory tubercules and pirirform cortex.
15
Q
the 8th cranial nerve connects (…) of the inner ear with the Vestibular and Cochlear nuclei.
A
hair cells
16
Q
the optic tract is made up of fibres between the (…) and the LGN
A
optic chiasm
17
Q
3rd cranial nerve:
The (…) leaves the brain stem between the crus cerebri.
it arises from the Edinger-Westphal Nucleus and the Oculomotor nucleus.
A
oculomotor nerve
18
Q
6th Cranial nerve:
The (…) nerve is found between the pons and the medulla oblongata.
A
abducens nerve
19
Q
4th cranial nerve:
The (…) is the only cranial nerve that exits the brainstem dorsally, it is found just beneath the inferior coliculi of the midbrain.
It arise from the (…) nucleus at the level of the inferior coliculi.
A
trochlear nerve
20
Q
3rd cranial nerve:
The Oculomotor leaves the brain stem between the crus cerebri.
it arises from the (…) Nucleus and the (…) nucleus. These are found at level of the superior coliculi,
A
Edinger-Westphal
Oculomotor
21
Q
Transverse section of Midbrain at the level of the SUPERIOR COLICULI:
The cerebral aqueduct is a narrow cannal that connects the 3rd and 4th ventricle.
it sits just beneath (ventral) the superior coliculi. The (…) & (…) nucleus of the Oculomotor nerve are found ventrally to the Cerebral aqueduct. The axons from these nucleus leave dorsally.
A
Edinger-Westphal
Oculomotor
22
Q
Transverse section of Midbrain at the level of the INFERIOR COLICULI:
The trochlear nucleus can be found ventral to the Central Aqueduct. The axons from this nucleus project (…). They wrap around the C.A and leave the brain.
A
Dorsally and Contralateral
23
Q
Transverse section through the Pons:
The (…) nucleus can be seen in the ventral floor of the IVth ventricle.
Fibres from this project ventrally to exit the brainstem between the pons and the medulla.
A
Abducens
24
Q
Cranial nerves 3,4 & 6 enter the orbit of the eye via a jagged slit known as the superior orbital fissure.
They can then innervate the (…)
A
muscles to move the eye.
25
Cranial nerves 3,4 & 6 enter the orbit of the eye via the (...).
They can then innervate the muscles to move the eye.
superior orbital fissure
26
The (...) nerve innervates most of the eye muscles, including the Levator palpebrae. This is responsible for lifting the eyelid.
oculomotor
27
The oculomotor nerve innervates most of the eye muscles, including the Levator palpebrae. This is responsible for (...) .
lifting the eyelid
28
Both the trochlear and Abducens nerve innervate (...) each.
The trochlea innervates the (...) & the Abducens innervates the (...).
1 muscle each.
Superior oblique muscle
Lateral rectus muscle
29
Both the trochlear and Abducens nerve innervate 1 muscle each.
The (...) innervates the Superior oblique muscle & the (...) innervates the Lateral rectus muscle.
Trochlea
Abducens
30
The trochlea and abducens nerves are pure (...) nerves.
However the oculomotor never contains (...) . These regulate the accomadation reflexes of the eye.
motor
parasympathetic fibers
31
Oculomotor nerve:
The parasympathetic fibres of the OM nerve originate in (...) nucleus.
Edinger-Westphal
32
If light is shined into the eye this will send signals down the optic nerve, through the Pretectal area and into the Edinger-Westphal nucleus.
Fibers from this nucleus project to the (...) which will then innervate the Sphincter pupilae muscle to constrict the nucleus.
Ciliary Ganglion
33
Each pretectal area will project fibers into both Edinger-Westphal nuclei. So when light is shone into one eye it will cause (...)
both eyes to constrict.
34
(...) palsy causes paralysis of the superior oblique muscle. This causes Medial missalignment of the affected eye.
(...) palsy causes paralysis of the lateral rectus muscle, resulting in an inward squint of the affected eye as the medius rectus muscle is unpressed.
Trochlea Nerve
Abducens Nerve
35
Trochlea Nerve palsy causes paralysis of the superior oblique muscle. This causes (...) missalignment of the affected eye.
Abducens Nerve palsy causes paralysis of the lateral rectus muscle, resulting in an (...) of the affected eye as the medius rectus muscle is unopposed.
Medial
inward squint
36
Paralysis of the (...) nerve has widespread effects.
| It will cause diplopia (double vision), Ptosis (drooping eyelid) & pupillary abnormalities.
Paralysis of the oculomotor nerve has widespread effects.
| It will cause diplopia (double vision), Ptosis (drooping eyelid) & pupillary abnormalities.
37
Paralysis of the oculomotor nerve has widespread effects.
| It will cause diplopia (...) , Ptosis (...)& pupillary abnormalities.
(double vision)
| drooping eyelid
38
Paralysis of Cranial nerves 3,4&6 are normally (individual or together)
together
39
The trigeminal nerve is usually the biggest that attaches to the (...), its roots are found at the lateral pons.
brainstem
40
The trigeminal nerve is a (...) nerve.
It has both sensory and Motor fibers.
The sensory nucleus stretches from the midbrain to the medulla, it supplies most of the sensory info to the face.
The motor nucleus lies in the pons, in the floor of the 4th ventricle. motor fibres innervate the muscles required for chewing (mastication)
mixed
41
The trigeminal nerve is a mixed nerve.
It has both sensory and Motor fibers.
The sensory nucleus stretches from the (...) , it supplies most of the sensory info to the face.
The motor nucleus lies in the (..) , in the (...). motor fibres innervate the muscles required for chewing (mastication)
midbrain to the medulla
pons
floor of the 4th ventricle
42
Cranial nerve 5:
Divisions of the Sensory Nucleus -
1) (...)
2) Chief/main nucleus
3) Spinal nucleus
Mesencephalic nucleus
43
Cranial nerve 5:
Divisions of the Sensory Nucleus -
1) Mesencephalic nucleus
2) Chief/main nucleus
3) (...)
Spinal Nucleus
44
Cranial nerve 5:
The Trigeminal/Semilunar ganglion contains the cell bodies that supply most of the Trigeminal nerve's sensory afferents.
This is found (...) the CNS
outside
45
The trigeminal nerve splits into 3 branches inside the (...)
Trigeminal nucleus
46
Branches of the Cranial Nerve V:
ophthalmic nerve (V1) - provides (...) to anterior skull, forehead, upper eye & nose
Maxillary Nerve - carries information from the upper lip, teeth & Gums, cheek and roof of pharynx.
Mandibular Nerve - carries sensation from the lower lip, lower jaw & parts of the external ear
sensory innervation
47
Branches of the Cranial Nerve V:
ophthalmic nerve (V1) - provides sensory innervation to anterior skull, forehead, upper eye & nose
(...) - carries information from the upper lip, teeth & Gums, cheek and roof of pharynx.
Mandibular Nerve - carries sensation from the lower lip, lower jaw & parts of the external ear
Maxillary Nerve
48
Branches of the Cranial Nerve V:
ophthalmic nerve (V1) - provides sensory innervation to anterior skull, forehead, upper eye & nose
Maxillary nerve - carries information from the upper lip, teeth & Gums, cheek and roof of pharynx.
(...) - carries sensation from the lower lip, lower jaw & parts of the external ear
Mandibular Nerve
49
Cranial nerve 5:
ABeta fibers carry touch and sensation info from the three trigeminal branches and synapse onto 2nd order neurons in the main nucleus of the Trigeminal nerve.
The 2nd order neurons send (...) fibers to the thalamus which relays info to the cortex.
ascending
50
Cranial nerve 5:
(...) carry touch and sensation info from the three trigeminal branches and synapse onto 2nd order neurons in the main nucleus of the Trigeminal nerve.
The 2nd order neurons send ascending fibers to the thalamus which relays info to the cortex.
These then join the 2nd order fibers of the gracial and cunueate tracts in the medial lemniscus,
ABeta fibers
51
Cranial nerve 5:
ABeta carry touch and sensation info from the three trigeminal branches and synapse onto 2nd order neurons in the main nucleus of the Trigeminal nerve.
The 2nd order neurons send ascending fibers to the thalamus which relays info to the cortex.
These then join the 2nd order fibers of the gracial and cunueate tracts in the (...)
medial lemniscus,
52
Cranial Nerve 5:
Thin Adelta & C fibers pass through the semilunar ganglion and enter the brainstem. they then synapse with 2nd order neurons on the spinal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve.
The second order neurons in this nucleus project ascending fibres to the thalamus, these run alongside the spinothalamic tract
The Adelta and C fibres carry info about (...)
pain and temperature
53
Cranial Nerve 5:
(...) pass through the semilunar ganglion and enter the brainstem. they then synapse onto the spinal nucleus of the Trigeminal nerve.
The second order neurons in this nucleus project ascending fibers to the thalamus, these run alongside the spinothalamic tract.
The (...) carry info about pain and temperature.
Adelta and C fibres
54
The Mesencephalic Nucleus of the Trigeminal nerve mediates proprioception using large A-alpha fibers .
These Propioceptive neurons are the sensory neurons that are located (...) the CNS
Inside
55
The Mesencephalic Nucleus of the Trigeminal nerve mediates proprioception using (...) fibers .
These Propioceptive neurons are the sensory neurons that are located inside the CNS and not in a ganglion.
Some propioceptive neurons form direct contact with the motor nucleus of the Trigeminal nerve.
this forms a motor reflex.
Others ascend into to the thalamus to mediate conscious propioception.
Large A-alpha
56
The Mesencephalic Nucleus of the Trigeminal nerve mediates proprioception using Large A-alpha fibers .
These Propioceptive neurons are the sensory neurons that are located inside the CNS and not in a ganglion.
Some propioceptive neurons form direct contact with the (...) nucleus of the Trigeminal nerve.
this forms a (...).
Others ascend into to the thalamus to mediate conscious propioception.
motor
motor reflex
57
The Mesencephalic Nucleus of the Trigeminal nerve mediates proprioception using (...) fibers .
These Propioceptive neurons are the sensory neurons that are located inside the CNS and not in a ganglion.
Some propioceptive neurons form direct contact with the motor nucleus of the Trigeminal nerve.
this forms a motor reflex.
Others ascend into to the thalamus to mediate (...).
conscious propioception
58
The three branches of the Trigeminal nerve exit the neurocranium via three different points.
Olphalmic branch exits via the Superior Orbital fissure.
The Maxillary branch exits through the foramen rotundum.
The Mandibular branch exits via the foramen ovale.
Superior Orbital fissure
59
The three branches of the Trigeminal nerve exit the neurocranium via three different points.
Olphalmic branch exits via the Superior Orbital fissure.
The Maxillary branch exits through the (...)
The Mandibular branch exits via the foramen ovale.
Foramen Rotundum
60
The three branches of the Trigeminal nerve exit the neurocranium via three different points.
Olphalmic branch exits via the Superior Orbital fissure.
The Maxillary branch exits through the foramen rotundum.
The Mandibular branch exits via the (...).
Foramen ovale
61
The (...) Cranial nerve controls the muscles for facial expression and is also called the (...) nerve.
7th & Facial
62
The facial nerve exits the brainstem next to the vestibulocochlear nerve at the (...)
CPA
63
The facial nerve exits the brainstem next to the (...) nerve at the CPA. it is found more medially and anteriorly.
vestibulocochlea
64
the facial nerve involves 3 nuclei in the brainstem.
The Facial motor nucleus - lies roughly at the same level at the abducens nucleus
The superior Salivatory nucleus (found in the floor of the 4th ventricle)
(...) found in the medulla oblongata.
Nucleus Solitarius
65
the facial nerve involves 3 nuclei in the brainstem.
The Facial motor nucleus - lies roughly at the same level at the abducens nucleus
(...) (found in the floor of the 4th ventricle)
Nucleus Solitarius - found in the medulla oblongata.
Nucleus Solitarius
66
The facial nerve leaves the fascial motor nucleus and wraps around the abducens nucleus before exiting the brainstem.
These nerve fibers form a bulge at the base of the 4th ventricle known as the (...)
Facial colliculi
67
The facial nerve leaves the fascial motor nucleus and wraps around the (..) before exiting the brainstem.
These nerve fibers form a bulge at the base of the 4th ventricle known as the Facial colliculi
abducens nucleus
68
The fascial nerve is a mixed nerved that consists of motor, sensory and (...).
parasympathetic fibers
69
Facial nerve:
Some motor fibres from the facial motor nucleus innervate the stapedius, this helps innner ear adapt to the aptitude of soundwaves.
most motor fibers leave via the (...) to innervate the muscles of facial expression
stylomastoid foramen
70
Facial nerve:
Some motor fibres from the facial motor nucleus innervate the stapedius, this helps innner ear (...)
most motor fibers leave via the stylomastoid foramen to innervate the muscles of facial expression
adapt to the aptitude of soundwaves.
71
The cell bodies of the Facial sensory neurons are found (...) the CNS in a (...)
This is also named the geniculate (...)
outside
ganglion
ganglion
72
Facial nerve:
(...) of the facial nerve covey taste information from the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue, the floor of mouth and palate and touch info from the ear to the nucleus solitarius.
sensory fibers
73
Facial nerve:
sensory fibers of the facial nerve covey taste information from the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue, the floor of mouth and palate and touch info from the ear to the (...)
nucleus solitarius.
74
Facial nerve:
parasympathetic fibers from the superior salivatory nucleus synapse onto 2nd order neurons in the Submandibular ganglion & the Pterygopalatine ganglion.
submandibular -> submandibular & sublingual glands
Pterygopalatine --> Lacrimal gland
all these glands regulate the producion of (...)
tear liquid and saliva
75
Facial nerve:
parasympathetic fibers from the superior salivatory nucleus synapse onto 2nd order neurons in the (...) ganglion & the Pterygopalatine ganglion.
(...) -> (...) & sublingual glands
Pterygopalatine --> Lacrimal gland
all these glands regulate the producion of tear liquid and saliva
Submandibular
76
Facial nerve:
parasympathetic fibers from the superior salivatory nucleus synapse onto 2nd order neurons in the Submandibular ganglion & the (...) ganglion.
submandibular -> submandibular & sublingual glands
(...) --> Lacrimal gland
all these glands regulate the producion of tear liquid & saliva.
Pterygopalatine
77
the facial nerve exits the neurocranium via the (...) which it shares with the vestibocochlear nerve.
internal auditory meatus
78
Cranial Nerves 9-12 share a number of (...) & (...)
Nuclei & functions
79
9th and 10th cranial nerve are also known as the (...) & (...)
Their roots are found at the medulla, lateral to the olives
Glossopharyngeal & Vagus nerves
80
9th and 10th cranial nerve are also known as the Glossopharyngeal & Vagus nerves.
Their roots are found at the (...), lateral to the olives
medulla
81
The glossopharyngeal nerve is a mixed nerve.
the (...) originate from the nucleus ambiguus. These fibres innervate the stylopharyngeus muscle which elevates the larynx and pharynx enabling swallowing.
motor fibres
82
9th cranial nerve:
the (...) fibres come from the inferior salivatory nucleus & regulate the parotid gland, controlling saliva production.
parasympathetic
83
pain, temp & sensation from the inner ear, upper pharynx and posterior tongue is relayed to the (...) of the trigeminal nerve.
the cell bodies of these sensory neurons are found in the glossopharyngeal ganglion.
spinal nucleus
84
(...) is from the posterior 1/3rd of the tongue is relayed to the upper part of the Nucleus Solitarius
taste sensation
85
Nucleus ambiguus is the origin of the 10th cranial nerve, the (...) nerve.
this innervates the larynx, pharynx and upper esophagus muscles.
Vagus
86
The vagus also contains some sensory fibres.
sensation from the pahrynx, layrnx, oesophagus and ear is mediated by the Spinal nucleus of the (...)
Trigeminal nerve
87
The Nucleus solitarius mediates sensory information from (...) from the viscera.
Chemo&Mechanoreceptors
88
Cranial Nerve 10:
The main (...) output of the vagus nerve originates in the dorsal motor nucleus.
This provides broad (...) innervation of visceral organs.
parasympathetic
89
the 11th cranial nerve is also known as the (...). Can be found attached to the medulla.
accessory nerve
90
Cranial Nerve XI:
This is purely a (...) nerve which has 2 different roots.
The spinal root comes from spinal motor column @ C1-C6. it enters the Neurocranium via the Foramen Magnum to join the cranial root.
The cranial root originates from the nucleus ambiguus in the medulla. These fibers split from the spinous fibers and join the vagus at the level of the jugular foramen to innervate larynx and pharynx muscles.
motor
91
Cranial nerve 11:
The two roots of this nerve are known as the (...) & (...)
Spinal root & Cranial Root
92
Cranial Nerve XI:
This is purely a motor nerve which has 2 different roots.
The (...) comes from spinal motor column @ C1-C6. it enters the Neurocranium via the Foramen Magnum to join the cranial root. These fibres innervate the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles.
Spinal root
93
Cranial Nerve XI:
This is purely a motor nerve which has 2 different roots.
The (...) originates from the nucleus ambiguus in the medulla. These fibers split from the spinous fibers and join the vagus at the level of the jugular foramen to innervate larynx and pharynx muscles.
cranial root
94
The 12th Cranial nerve is known as the (...) that has it's own nucleus (the (..) nucleus).
it is a purely motor nerve, its fibres innervate the muscles of the tongue. it allows us to speak clearly.
hypoglossal nerve
hypoglassal
95
cranial nerve XII:
can be seen as a series of small rootlets that exit the brainstem // the olis and the pyramids.
It exits the Neurocranium via its own canal the (...) which is found next to the foramen magnum.
hypoglossal canal
96
The 11th and 12th Cranial nerves are purely (...) nerves.
motor
97
Cranial nerves 3,4 & 6 control eye movement. if any of these are damaged it may to diplopia(...) or paralysis.
double vision
98
the (...) is the thinnest of all cranial nerves and takes the longest root through the skull.
Palsy of this nerve will cause patients to tilt their head in order to allign their eyes.
trochlea nerve
99
Cranial nerves 3,4 & 6 enter the orbit of the eye via the superior orbital fissure which is anterior to the (...).
The internal carotid artery also passes through this space.
Any damage to the carotid artery could easily effect the nerves in this space.
cavernous sinus
100
A dual sinus is a sinus that is filled with (...)
venous blood
101
(...) syndrome - the brainstem has been damaged so they are completely paralysed but their highre order functions still work. they can still think and feel.
Locked in syndrome
102
Spino-thalamic pathway is responsible for sensory information about Pain, temperature and light touches.
It is an (...) pathway
ascending
103
The Spino-thalamic pathway has 3 synapses.
the first occurs in the spinal cord.
the second occurs in the thalamus
the third occurs in the (...)
somato-sensory cortex.
104
(...) in the Spino-thalamcic pathway decussate in the spino -thalamic tract(in the spinal cord)
Axons
105
The Spino-thalamic pathway has 3 synapses.
the first occurs in the spinal cord.
the second occurs in the (...)
the third occurs in the somato-sensory cortex.
thalamus
106
The Spino-thalamic pathway has 3 synapses.
the first occurs in the (...)
the second occurs in the thalamus
the third occurs in the somato-sensory cortex.
Spinal cord
107
the Dorsal column-medial leminiscus pathway carries (...) sensation
descriminative touch
108
The Dorsal column-medial leminiscus pathway has its first synapse in the (..)
medulla
109
The Dorsal column-medial leminiscus pathway is a 3 neuron pathway.
the axons of this pathway start in the dorsal root of the spinal cord and go into the (...) before synapsing in the medulla.
dorsal column
110
some small side branches of the The Dorsal (...) pathway can modify sensory messages about pain.
column-medial leminiscus
111
Dorsal column-medial leminiscus pathway:
The dorsal column contains 2 tracts that go to diff body parts.
The (...) tract - lower limbs and trunk
The (...) tract - upper limb and trunk & neck
gracile
cuneate
112
The Dorsal column-medial leminiscus pathway is a (...) pathway that carries information about discriminative touch proprioception & vibration sense.
fast, ascending
113
Corticospinal pathway - this is a motor pathway. the corticospinal tract travels from the primary (...) via the spinal cord to the periphery.
motor cortex
114
The corticospinal pathway only has one (...)
synapse
115
Corticopsinal pathway:
(...)% of its axons cross side in the ventral medulla to create the lateral corticopsinal tract.
(...)% stay on the same side but cross over later down in the spinal cord.
85%
15%
116
The corticopsinal tract terminates in two different ways.
The majority of axons are controlled via (...) as their movements are not as precise.
Muscles that require more precise movement are supplied directly by large motor neurons
interneurons
117
The corticopsinal tract terminates in two different ways.
The majority of axons are controlled via interneurons as their movements are not as precise.
Muscles that require more precise movement are supplied directly by (...)
large motor neurons
118
The corticopsinal tract is a (...) pathway that carries voluntary motor commands and reflexes.
descending
