nce flashcards
(462 cards)
1
Q
Front
A
Back
2
Q
Accuracy
A
Match between the target population and the sample in survey research.
3
Q
AB ABA Time-Series Design
A
Simplest type of single-subject research initially popularized by behavior modifiers in the 1960s and 1970s.
4
Q
Apparency
A
Clear, understandable representation of data.
5
Q
Bell Curve
A
A frequency distribution shaped like a bell (normal distribution).
6
Q
Bivariate Tabular Analysis
A
Statistical method to analyze the relationship between two variables by organizing data into a table format.
7
Q
Case Study
A
Collection and presentation of detailed information about a participant or small group.
8
Q
Causal-Comparative Research
A
Research that identifies a cause-effect relationship between two or more groups.
9
Q
Comparative Designs
A
Examine data trends to determine relationships in two established groups or datasets.
10
Q
Control Group
A
Group in an experiment that receives no treatment to compare against the treated group.
11
Q
Correlation
A
An association between two variables; positive or negative.
12
Q
Positive Correlation
A
Correlation where both variables change in the same direction.
13
Q
Negative Correlation
A
Correlation where variables are inversely associated.
14
Q
Correlation Coefficient
A
Descriptive statistic indicating the degree of a linear relationship between two variables.
15
Q
Correlation Design
A
Research approach to examine the relationship between two or more variables.
16
Q
Credibility
A
Trustworthiness and believability of study findings.
17
Q
Data
A
Recorded observations, often numeric or textual.
18
Q
Deductive
A
Reasoning from general principles to specific predictions or hypotheses.
19
Q
Deductive Research
A
Research focused on testing a theory through hypothesis establishment.
20
Q
Dependent Variable (DV)
A
Variable being measured or tested in an experiment.
21
Q
Dependability
A
Accountability for changes in the study design or conditions surrounding it.
22
Q
Design Flexibility
A
Ability to modify research methods or procedures during the study.
23
Q
Deviation
A
Distance between the mean and a particular data point in a distribution.
24
Q
Empirical Research
A
Research based on direct observation or experience rather than theory.
25
Variance Tests
Statistical methods to assess consistency in variability across groups or conditions.
26
68-95-99.7 Rule (Empirical Rule)
Statistical guideline describing approximate percentages of data in a normal distribution.
27
Experimental Research
Scientific method where researchers manipulate variables to observe effects on others.
28
External Validity
Extent to which findings and conclusions can be generalized beyond specific conditions of the study.
29
Factor Analysis
Statistical method to identify underlying patterns among a set of variables.
30
Factorial Experiment
Research design where multiple variables are manipulated simultaneously to observe combined effects.
31
Hypothesis
Tentative explanation to predict a causal relationship between variables.
32
Null Hypothesis
States there is no relationship between two variables.
33
Alternative Hypothesis
Specific relationship between two variables rejecting the null hypothesis.
34
Hypothesis Testing
Testing a hypothesis through the experimental model.
35
Independent Variable (IV)
Variable manipulated by the researcher.
36
Inductive
Formulating a generalized conclusion from particular instances.
37
Inductive Research
Approach where researchers start with specific observations and develop generalizations or theories.
38
Interviews
Research tool involving questions posed to participants for data collection.
39
Internal Validity
Extent to which a study accurately measures what it intends to.
40
Kinesics
Analysis examining communication through body movement.
41
Nominal
Categorical data classification with no inherent order or numerical value.
42
Ordinal
Categorical data classification where items are ranked or ordered.
43
Interval
Measurement describing variables with equally spaced intervals.
44
Ratio
Measurement scale where numbers represent quantities with a true zero point.
45
Mean
Average score within a distribution.
46
Mixed Methods Research
Combining qualitative and quantitative research methods within a single study.
47
Narrative Inquiry
Qualitative research based on a researcher's narrative account.
48
Observation Study
Research where the participant(s) are observed in specific or natural settings.
49
Occam's Razor
Simplest hypothesis should be preferred until proven otherwise.
50
Parameter
Numerical value describing a characteristic or feature of a population.
51
Percentage vs. Percentile
Percentage is a value out of 100; percentile is rank-ordering in a sample.
52
Phenomenology
Qualitative research concerned with understanding group behaviors from that group's viewpoint.
53
Population
Target group under investigation in a study.
54
Probability
Likelihood or chance of an event occurring.
55
Qualitative Research Methods
Approaches to analyze non-numerical data for understanding social phenomena.
56
Quantitative Research Methods
Approaches to analyze numerical data for identifying patterns, relationships, or trends.
57
Mission of American Counseling Association
Promote the development of professional counselors and use counseling to enhance human dignity and diversity.
58
ACA Code of Ethics
Set of ethical guidelines that inform counselors' professional conduct and decision-making.
59
Client Welfare
Priority for counselors to promote clients' mental health and growth.
60
Confidentiality
Maintenance of privacy for client information, except under specific legal or ethical conditions.
61
Informed Consent
Requirement for counselors to obtain clients' understanding and agreement before beginning therapy.
62
Cultural Sensitivity
Counselors' ability to respect and integrate clients' cultural backgrounds into counseling practices.
63
Professional Boundaries
Maintaining appropriate professional relationships without personal conflicts.
64
Competence
Maintaining high standards of professional knowledge and skills through ongoing education.
65
Ethical Decision-Making
Process of considering ethical principles and potential consequences in making professional decisions.
66
Legal and Ethical Compliance
Counselors' adherence to laws, regulations, and ethical standards governing their practice.
67
Dual Relationships
Avoidance of multiple relationships with clients that could impair professional judgment or increase the risk of harm.
68
Self-Care
Prioritization of counselors' personal well-being to maintain effective practice.
69
Supervision and Consultation
Engagement in professional supervision to ensure quality and appropriateness of counseling services.
70
Research and Publication
Adherence to ethical standards in conducting and reporting research.
71
Social Responsibility
Advocacy for social justice and challenging systemic barriers affecting client welfare.
72
Professional Integrity
Upholding honesty and transparency in professional relationships and public interactions.
73
Termination and Referral
Proper termination of counseling relationships and referrals to ensure continuity of care.
74
Values of Counseling
Embrace diversity, promote social justice, and practice ethically to enhance human development.
75
Foundational Principles for Ethical Behavior
Autonomy, nonmaleficence, beneficence, justice, equality, fidelity, and veracity.
76
Social Media Policies
Guidelines on counselors' interactions with clients on social media to protect privacy.
77
Tarasoff Warnings
Duty of counselors to warn individuals of credible threats from clients.
78
Pro Bono Work
Providing counseling services for free or at a reduced fee to support community welfare.
79
Fee Splitting
Ethical considerations around sharing fees for referrals, deemed unethical.
80
Bartering
Consideration of cultural factors and potential for harm when exchanging goods or services for counseling.
81
Gifts from Clients
Handling small gifts from clients considering cultural implications and potential impacts on the relationship.
82
Ethical Consultations
Seeking advice in complex ethical situations to ensure decision integrity.
83
Distance Counseling
Conducting counseling through electronic means, adhering to legal standards and informed consent.
84
Encryption
Protecting electronic communications through coding to ensure privacy and confidentiality.
85
Website Compliance
Maintaining links to licensing and certification boards on professional websites.
86
Public Health Information (PHI)
Handling client health information securely, adhering to confidentiality laws.
87
Professional Counseling Orientation
Approaches and practices that define the professional conduct of counselors.
88
Autonomy in Counseling
Respecting clients' rights to make decisions about their own lives.
89
Beneficence in Counseling
Acting for the benefit of clients and society while avoiding harm.
90
Justice in Counseling
Ensuring fair and equitable treatment of all clients without discrimination.
91
Fidelity in Counseling
Maintaining trust and confidentiality in professional relationships.
92
Veracity in Counseling
Commitment to truthfulness and accuracy in client interactions.
93
Ethical Decision-Making Model
A framework used by counselors to make ethical choices.
94
Client Records Management
Maintaining accurate and confidential records of counseling sessions.
95
Duty to Warn and Protect
Ethical obligation to disclose confidential information if there is a risk of serious harm.
96
Counselor Competence Requirement
Requirement for counselors to practice within their areas of training and expertise.
97
Ethical Compliance in Research
Adherence to ethical guidelines in conducting counseling research.
98
Boundary Issues
Managing professional boundaries to prevent conflicts of interest and unethical behavior.
99
Informed Consent in Counseling
Clients' right to be informed about the counseling process and their rights.
100
Confidentiality Breaches
Unauthorized disclosure of client information and its ethical implications.
101
Mandatory Reporting
Requirement to report abuse or threats as mandated by law.
102
Teletherapy Guidelines
Standards for conducting therapy through digital or remote means.
103
Client Advocacy
Promoting clients' interests and rights within the counseling process.
104
Cultural Competence in Counseling
Ability to understand, respect, and integrate clients' cultural backgrounds.
105
Professional Development
Continuous learning and training to enhance counseling skills and knowledge.
106
Carl Jung
Founder of analytical psychology, known for concepts like the collective unconscious and archetypes.
107
Collective Unconscious
Common psychological reservoir of experiences shared by all humans.
108
Archetypes
Universal, mythic characters within the collective unconscious; common themes in the world's cultures.
109
Persona
The mask or public face an individual presents to the world.
110
Shadow
Hidden or unconscious aspects of oneself, both negative and positive.
111
Anima and Animus
The feminine and masculine dimensions of a person's personality.
112
Individuation
The process of integrating various parts of the psyche to become whole and self-realized.
113
Synchronicity
Meaningful coincidences that occur with no causal relationship yet seem to have a significant connection.
114
Psychological Types
Jung's theory that people can be categorized by their psychological functions.
115
Persona Shadow Integration
Integrating the persona with the shadow to achieve a true representation of the self.
116
Sigmund Freud
Father of psychoanalysis, developed theories of the unconscious mind and psychosexual development stages.
117
Id, Ego, Superego
Three parts of the psyche: id is instinctual, ego is realistic, and superego is moral.
118
Psychosexual Stages
Freud's stages of childhood development focused on erogenous zones.
119
Oral Stage
The first psychosexual stage, focusing on oral activities as a source of pleasure.
120
Anal Stage
The second stage, focusing on bowel and bladder elimination and control.
121
Phallic Stage
The third stage, focusing on the genitals and the differences between males and females.
122
Latency Stage
The fourth stage, a period of diminished sexual interest and development of social and intellectual skills.
123
Genital Stage
The final stage, beginning in puberty, where sexual interests mature.
124
Erik Erikson
Developed the theory of psychosocial development across eight stages.
125
Trust vs. Mistrust
The first stage, where infants learn to trust or mistrust their caregivers.
126
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
The second stage, where toddlers develop independence or feel shame about their failures.
127
Initiative vs. Guilt
The third stage, where preschoolers learn to initiate activities or feel guilty about their efforts.
128
Industry vs. Inferiority
The fourth stage, where school-aged children learn to feel industrious or inferior.
129
Identity vs. Role Confusion
The fifth stage, where adolescents explore their identity or become confused about their role.
130
Intimacy vs. Isolation
The sixth stage, where young adults form intimate relationships or feel isolated.
131
Generativity vs. Stagnation
The seventh stage, where middle-aged adults contribute to the next generation or stagnate.
132
Integrity vs. Despair
The final stage, where older adults reflect on their life with a sense of integrity or despair.
133
Jean Piaget
Known for his theory of cognitive development, describing how children construct a mental model of the world.
134
Schema
Mental frameworks that organize and interpret information.
135
Assimilation
The process by which new information is incorporated into existing schemas.
136
Accommodation
The process by which schemas are modified to incorporate new information.
137
Sensorimotor Stage
The first stage of Piaget's theory, where infants learn through physical interaction with their environment.
138
Preoperational Stage
The second stage, where children begin to think symbolically but lack logical reasoning.
139
Concrete Operational Stage
The third stage, where children gain the ability to think logically about concrete events.
140
Formal Operational Stage
The fourth stage, where adolescents begin to think abstractly and reason about hypothetical problems.
141
Lev Vygotsky
Known for sociocultural theory, emphasizing the influence of social interaction on cognitive development.
142
Zone of Proximal Development
The difference between what a learner can do without help and what they can achieve with guidance.
143
Scaffolding
Temporary support given to a learner that is tailored to their needs, allowing them to achieve difficult tasks.
144
Social Interaction
Central to Vygotsky's theory, where cognitive development is seen as a result of social interactions.
145
Cultural Tools
Tools of intellectual adaptation, allowing the child to use the cultural inventions of the society.
146
Private Speech
Self-directed speech by children that guides their thinking and action.
147
Internalization
The process of learning (and thereby internalizing) the values, beliefs, and problem-solving strategies of one's culture.
148
Mary Ainsworth
Known for her work on attachment theory, particularly the development of the "Strange Situation" procedure.
149
Strange Situation
A structured observation used to assess attachment relationships between a caregiver and child.
150
Secure Attachment
Attachment style characterized by trust and a balance of dependence and exploration.
151
Insecure-Avoidant Attachment
Attachment style where the child shows indifference or avoidance of the caregiver.
152
Insecure-Resistant Attachment
Attachment style where the child shows anxiety and uncertainty in the relationship.
153
Disorganized Attachment
Attachment style characterized by disorientation and lack of clear attachment behavior.
154
Attachment Theory
A theory that describes the dynamics of long-term relationships between humans.
155
Urie Bronfenbrenner
Developed ecological systems theory to explain how the inherent qualities of a child and their environment interact to influence how they grow and develop.
156
Ecological Systems Theory
Theory that highlights the multiple layers of environment that influence individual development.
157
Microsystem
Layer closest to the individual, containing structures with direct contact with the person.
158
Mesosystem
Interactions between the microsystems in an individual's life.
159
Exosystem
External environmental settings that only indirectly affect development.
160
Macrosystem
The larger cultural context.
161
Chronosystem
Environmental events and transitions over the life course, as well as sociohistorical circumstances.
162
ACA Code of Ethics
Guidelines that ensure the ethical and professional conduct of counselors.
163
Client Rights
The rights of clients to be treated with dignity, confidentiality, and respect during counseling.
164
Confidentiality
The ethical obligation to protect client information from unauthorized disclosure.
165
Dual Relationships
Ethical concern about relationships where the counselor has multiple, potentially conflicting roles with a client.
166
Informed Consent
The process of explaining the counseling procedure and obtaining agreement from clients before proceeding.
167
Nonmaleficence
Ethical principle obligating counselors to do no harm to clients.
168
Beneficence
Ethical principle obligating counselors to contribute to the welfare of clients.
169
Autonomy
The right of clients to make decisions about their own treatment.
170
Justice
Ethical principle obligating counselors to treat all clients fairly and equitably.
171
Fidelity
Ethical principle requiring counselors to be trustworthy and to maintain loyalty to clients.
172
Ethical Decision-Making
Process used by counselors to evaluate decisions from an ethical standpoint.
173
Boundary Issues
Concerns about the appropriate limits that should exist in the counselor-client relationship.
174
Professional Competence
The necessity for counselors to maintain sufficient knowledge and skills in their practice.
175
Supervision
Ethical and professional requirement for less experienced counselors to receive guidance from experienced professionals.
176
Cultural Competence
The ability and willingness to understand, respect, and accommodate clients' cultural beliefs and practices.
177
Social Justice
An ethical obligation to advocate for fair treatment of all individuals, particularly those who have been marginalized.
178
Legal Compliance
The requirement for counselors to adhere to local, state, and federal laws affecting their practice.
179
Privacy Laws
Regulations that protect the privacy of individuals and sensitive information.
180
Ethics Training
Training provided to ensure counselors understand and can implement ethical standards in their practice.
181
Licensure Requirements
Standards set by states that professionals must meet to be licensed to practice counseling.
182
Continuing Education
Programs required for counselors to maintain their licenses, ensuring they stay updated on professional practices.
183
Risk Management
Strategies employed by counselors to minimize legal and ethical risks.
184
Crisis Intervention
The ethical obligation to provide immediate support and services during a crisis or emergency situation.
185
Record Keeping
The requirement to maintain accurate and secure records of client interactions and sessions.
186
Client Advocacy
Supporting clients' needs and rights within the counseling process and in broader societal contexts.
187
Conflicts of Interest
Situations in which professional judgments or actions regarding a primary interest could be influenced by a secondary interest.
188
Professional Boundaries
Maintaining clear and appropriate limits in relationships with clients.
189
Mandated Reporting
The legal obligation to report certain conditions, such as abuse, to authorities.
190
Ethical Breeches
Instances where counselors violate ethical standards.
191
License Revocation
The possible consequence for a counselor who severely breaches ethical or legal standards.
192
Scope of Practice
The range of responsibilities and practices that a counselor is allowed to undertake according to their qualifications.
193
Client Welfare
Ethical principle prioritizing the health, well-being, and safety of clients.
194
Termination and Referral
Ethical considerations regarding appropriately ending the counselor-client relationship or referring clients to other professionals.
195
Counselor Self-Care
The responsibility of counselors to take care of their own mental and emotional health.
196
Legal Obligations in Counseling
The legal responsibilities that counselors have to their clients and the profession.
197
Ethical Guidelines
Codes of conduct that guide the behavior and decision-making of counselors.
198
Duty to Warn
Requirement to inform third parties or authorities if a client poses a risk of danger to themselves or others.
199
Teletherapy
Providing therapy through electronic communications, which includes specific ethical and legal considerations.
200
Digital Ethics
Ethical considerations related to the use of digital tools and platforms in counseling.
201
Virtual Confidentiality
Maintaining client confidentiality in virtual or online counseling sessions.
202
Ethical Standards for Research
Requirements for conducting research ethically in the counseling field.
203
Patient Rights in Therapy
Legal and ethical rights held by clients in a therapeutic setting.
204
Professional Ethics in Counseling
The ethical standards that guide professional behavior and clinical practice in counseling.
205
Consent for Minors
Special considerations and legal requirements for obtaining consent from minors in therapy.
206
HIPAA Compliance
Adhering to the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act standards for protecting patient information.
207
Counselor Accountability
The responsibility of counselors to their clients, the public, and the profession.
208
Public Statements
Ethical considerations regarding public communications made by counselors.
209
Social Media and Ethics
Ethical considerations for counselors' use of social media in a professional context.
210
Documentation Standards
Ethical and legal requirements for documenting counseling sessions and client interactions.
211
Ethical Consultation
Seeking guidance from ethics committees or senior professionals regarding complex ethical dilemmas.
212
Exploratory Data Analysis
An approach in statistics used to analyze data sets to summarize their main characteristics, often with visual methods.
213
Descriptive Statistics
Statistical techniques that describe or summarize data features, including central tendency, dispersion, and shape of the dataset.
214
Inferential Statistics
The process of using data analysis to infer properties of an underlying probability distribution.
215
Standard Error
A measure of the statistical accuracy of an estimate, calculated as the standard deviation of the sampling distribution.
216
Regression Analysis
A set of statistical processes for estimating the relationships among variables.
217
Simple Linear Regression
A method to determine the straight-line relationship between two variables.
218
Multiple Regression
A statistical technique that uses several explanatory variables to predict the outcome of a response variable.
219
ANOVA (Analysis of Variance)
A collection of statistical models used to analyze the differences among group means in a sample.
220
Covariance
A measure of the joint variability of two random variables.
221
T-test
A type of inferential statistic used to determine if there is a significant difference between the means of two groups.
222
Chi-Square Test
A statistical test applied to sets of categorical data to evaluate how likely it is that any observed difference between the sets arose by chance.
223
P-value
The probability of obtaining test results at least as extreme as the results actually observed, under the assumption that the null hypothesis is correct.
224
Confidence Interval
A range of values so defined that there is a specified probability that the value of a parameter lies within it.
225
Histogram
A graphical representation of the distribution of numerical data.
226
Scatter Plot
A type of plot or mathematical diagram using Cartesian coordinates to display values for typically two variables for a set of data.
227
Biostatistics
The application of statistics to a wide range of topics in biology.
228
Psychometrics
The science of measuring mental capacities and processes.
229
Epidemiology Studies
Research that studies the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations.
230
Longitudinal Study
A research design that involves repeated observations of the same variables over short or long periods of time.
231
Cross-Sectional Study
A study that analyzes data collected from a population, or a representative subset, at a specific point in time.
232
Cohort Study
A study design where one or more samples (cohorts) are followed prospectively and subsequent status evaluations with respect to a disease or outcome are conducted to determine which initial participants exposed to a risk or treatment factor develop the outcome.
233
Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT)
A study design that randomly assigns participants into an experimental group or a control group.
234
Blinding/Masking
A trial design to prevent the parties involved (participants, researchers, assessors) from knowing the intervention assigned to each participant.
235
Meta-Analysis
A statistical analysis that combines the results of multiple scientific studies.
236
Systematic Review
A form of meta-analysis focused on a research question that tries to identify, appraise, select, and synthesize all high-quality research evidence relevant to that question.
237
Survival Analysis
A branch of statistics that analyzes the expected duration until one or more events happen.
238
Time-Series Analysis
A statistical technique that deals with time series data, or trend analysis.
239
Factorial Design
A type of experimental design that involves two or more variables, allowing researchers to study the interaction effects among treatments.
240
Cluster Sampling
A sampling technique used when "natural" but heterogeneous groupings are evident in a statistical population.
241
Stratified Sampling
The process of dividing members of the population into homogeneous subgroups before sampling.
242
Simple Random Sampling
A subset of a statistical population in which each member of the subset has an equal probability of being chosen.
243
Systematic Sampling
A statistical method involving the selection of elements from an ordered sampling frame.
244
Sampling Error
The error caused by observing a sample instead of the whole population.
245
Data Normalization
The process of organizing data to minimize redundancy.
246
Quantitative Data
Numerical data.
247
Qualitative Data
Descriptive data which can be observed but not measured.
248
Mixed-Methods
Data collection, analysis, and integration of both quantitative data and qualitative data.
249
Validity
The degree to which a result (of a measurement or study) is likely to be true and free of bias.
250
Reliability
The overall consistency of a measure. A measure is said to have high reliability if it produces similar results under consistent conditions.
251
Outliers
An observation point that is distant from other observations.
252
Multivariate Analysis
Statistical procedure for analysis of data involving more than one type of variable.
253
Non-Parametric Tests
Statistical tests that do not assume our data follow a specific distribution.
254
Parametric Tests
Statistical tests based on assumptions about the population parameters and the distributions that the data come from.
255
Monte Carlo Simulation
A broad class of computational algorithms that rely on repeated random sampling to obtain numerical results.
256
Null Hypothesis Significance Testing (NHST)
The procedure of choice for hypothesis testing in many scientific experiments.
257
Bayesian Statistics
A theory in the field of statistics based on the Bayesian interpretation of probability where probability expresses a degree of belief in an event.
258
Data Science
The science of analyzing raw data using statistics and machine learning to draw conclusions about that information.
259
Big Data
Extremely large data sets that may be analyzed computationally to reveal patterns, trends, and associations.
260
Machine Learning
A type of artificial intelligence (AI) that allows software applications to become more accurate at predicting outcomes without being explicitly programmed.
261
Data Mining
The practice of examining large databases in order to generate new information.
262
Confidentiality Exceptions
Circumstances under which client confidentiality may be breached, such as threats of harm to self or others.
263
Informed Assent
Obtaining agreement from clients who cannot legally provide informed consent, such as minors.
264
Ethical Consultation
Seeking guidance from colleagues or ethics committees when faced with complex ethical dilemmas.
265
Competence in Supervision
Maintaining high standards of supervision to enhance the quality of counseling services.
266
Supervisee Responsibilities
Obligations of supervisees, including providing accurate information and seeking guidance.
267
Gatekeeping Role
The responsibility of supervisors to assess the competence of supervisees entering the counseling profession.
268
Multicultural Counseling
Integrating awareness, knowledge, and skills regarding cultural diversity into counseling practice.
269
Privilege and Oppression
The dynamics that create and sustain inequity in counseling practices and societal structures.
270
Social Advocacy
Efforts to promote systemic changes to eliminate barriers and support marginalized populations.
271
Client Dependency
Avoiding fostering an unhealthy dependence on the counselor in the therapeutic relationship.
272
Self-Disclosure
When and how much the counselor shares personal information with the client.
273
Ethical Competence
Being aware of and able to apply ethical standards effectively.
274
Record Keeping Guidelines
Ethical and legal requirements for maintaining accurate client records.
275
Continuity of Care
The obligation to ensure clients receive uninterrupted care when transitioning to a new counselor.
276
Duty to Protect
Counselors' ethical responsibility to protect clients from foreseeable harm.
277
Tarasoff Case
Legal precedent emphasizing the counselor's duty to warn and protect potential victims.
278
HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act)
Federal law protecting the privacy of individuals' health information.
279
FERPA (Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act)
Legislation that protects the privacy of student educational records.
280
Electronic Health Records
Digital versions of clients' health records, subject to confidentiality and security regulations.
281
Pro Bono Counseling
Offering counseling services for free or at reduced rates to clients in need.
282
Sliding Fee Scale
Adjusting counseling fees based on clients' income and ability to pay.
283
Competence in Research
Ensuring ethical and accurate conduct of counseling research.
284
Research Participant Rights
Protecting the rights and welfare of participants involved in research studies.
285
Ethical Publication
Adhering to ethical guidelines when disseminating counseling research results.
286
Informed Consent in Research
Obtaining consent from research participants by providing information about study risks and benefits.
287
Social Media Policies
Guidelines for counselors on appropriate use of social media to maintain professional boundaries.
288
Electronic Storage Procedures
Securely storing electronic records while protecting client confidentiality.
289
Client Verification in Distance Counseling
Verifying the identity of clients in online counseling sessions.
290
Cultural Adaptation
Adjusting counseling practices to accommodate clients' cultural beliefs and practices.
291
Spiritual Competence
Understanding and respecting clients' spiritual beliefs and integrating them into therapy.
292
Burnout
Physical and emotional exhaustion resulting from prolonged stress in counseling work.
293
Secondary Trauma
Emotional duress experienced by counselors due to exposure to clients' traumatic experiences.
294
Impaired Professionalism
When personal issues prevent a counselor from providing effective and ethical services.
295
Wellness Model in Counseling
Promoting holistic well-being through counseling practices focused on clients' strengths.
296
Counseling Research Ethics
Ethical standards for the design, conduct, and dissemination of counseling research.
297
Ethics Committees
Bodies responsible for reviewing ethical complaints and enforcing professional standards.
298
Managed Care in Counseling
Providing mental health services through insurance plans, often with ethical considerations.
299
Referral Guidelines
Ethical standards for referring clients to other professionals or resources.
300
Competence in Specialty Areas
Ensuring adequate training and knowledge before providing specialized counseling services.
301
Boundary Violations
Deliberate breaches of professional boundaries that harm clients.
302
Boundary Crossings
Occasional deviations from professional boundaries that may or may not be harmful.
303
Continuing Education Ethics
Engaging in ongoing education to maintain competence and ethical practice.
304
Counselor-Client Sexual Misconduct
Ethical guidelines prohibiting sexual relationships with clients.
305
Distance Counseling Ethics
Ethical considerations unique to providing counseling via electronic means.
306
Multiple Relationships
Ethical challenges arising when counselors have other relationships with their clients.
307
Client Records Access
Clients' right to access their counseling records, subject to ethical and legal limitations.
308
Conflict of Interest Situations
Situations where personal interests might conflict with professional responsibilities.
309
Ethical Issues in Assessment
Ensuring assessment tools are used ethically and appropriately for clients.
310
Client-Therapist Matching
Ensuring the therapeutic relationship is suitable to meet the client's needs.
311
Substance Use Disorders in Counseling
Ethical and legal considerations when treating clients with substance use issues.
312
Group Therapy Ethics
Upholding ethical standards in the group therapy setting.
313
Counseling Techniques
Diverse strategies and methods used by counselors to help clients achieve their goals.
314
Group Counseling
A counseling approach where multiple clients participate in a session together, promoting peer interaction and support.
315
Play Therapy
A counseling method that uses play to communicate with and help clients, particularly children, to express their feelings.
316
Art Therapy
A form of psychotherapy involving the encouragement of free self-expression through painting, drawing, or modeling.
317
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
A psycho-social intervention aiming to improve mental health by challenging and changing unhelped thoughts, beliefs, and attitudes.
318
Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)
A comprehensive mental health and substance abuse treatment program that emphasizes the psychosocial aspects of treatment.
319
Narrative Therapy
A therapeutic approach that encourages patients to rely on their own skills to minimize problems that exist in their lives.
320
Solution-Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT)
A goal-directed collaborative approach to psychotherapeutic change that is conducted through direct observation of clients' responses to a series of precisely constructed questions.
321
Existential Therapy
A form of psychotherapy that aims to explore difficulties from a philosophical perspective, focusing on the human condition as a whole.
322
Humanistic Therapy
A therapeutic approach focusing on self-development, growth, and responsibilities.
323
Family Systems Therapy
A branch of psychotherapy that works with families and couples to nurture change and development.
324
Therapeutic Alliance
The relationship between a healthcare professional and a client.
325
Confidentiality in Group Settings
Handling privacy concerns when conducting therapy with multiple clients.
326
In-session Note-Taking
The practice of writing down relevant notes during a counseling session.
327
Telehealth Counseling
Providing counseling services through telecommunications technology, such as video calls.
328
Online Therapy Platforms
Websites and applications that facilitate the provision of therapy services over the internet.
329
Counseling Outcome Measures
Tools and methods used to assess the effectiveness of counseling interventions.
330
Client-Centered Therapy
A non-directive form of talk therapy emphasizing the client's capacity for self-direction and understanding of their own development.
331
Gestalt Therapy
A form of psychotherapy that emphasizes personal responsibility and focuses on the individual's experience in the present moment.
332
Trauma-Informed Care
A therapeutic approach that recognizes and responds to the effects of all types of trauma.
333
Psychoanalysis
A set of theories and therapeutic techniques that deal in part with the unconscious mind, and which together form a method of treatment for mental-health disorders.
334
Sex Therapy
Therapy focusing on concerns about sexual function, sexual feelings, and intimacy.
335
Addiction Counseling
A specialty within professional counseling that deals with evaluating and treating individuals with addiction issues.
336
Marriage Counseling
A type of psychotherapy for married couples or established partners that typically aims to resolve problems and improve their relationship.
337
Clinical Supervision
The practice where more experienced professionals oversee the work of less experienced staff.
338
Burnout Prevention
Strategies to prevent the exhaustion and loss of interest that can occur from the demands of the profession.
339
Self-disclosure
Practice of therapists sharing their own personal views or experience with a client with the intention of improving the therapeutic alliance.
340
Boundaries in Therapy
Clear set boundaries between therapists and clients that ensure a safe and professional relationship.
341
Ethical Advertising
Advertising that adheres to ethical guidelines to ensure honesty and integrity.
342
Referral Processes
Processes involved in directing a client to another professional or service for additional support.
343
Documentation in Therapy
Keeping accurate and comprehensive notes on client sessions and progress.
344
Suicide Risk Assessment
Tools and strategies used to evaluate the risk of suicide in individuals.
345
Crisis Management Techniques
Techniques used to help clients deal with sudden and significant negative events.
346
Therapeutic Models
Conceptual models that guide the approaches therapists use to understand clients and their problems.
347
Preventative Counseling
Interventions aimed at preventing psychological problems before they become severe.
348
Counselor Education and Training
Programs and courses aimed at preparing individuals for a career in counseling.
349
Licensing Exams
Standardized exams that counselors must pass to obtain a license to practice.
350
Professional Development Workshops
Workshops aimed at continuing the education and skill development of professionals.
351
Therapeutic Ethics
The study of ethical issues emerging from the therapy practices.
352
Client Assessment Techniques
Techniques used to evaluate the mental, emotional, and behavioral conditions of clients.
353
Interprofessional Collaboration
Working cooperatively with professionals from other disciplines.
354
Accreditation of Counseling Programs
Certification process that ensures counseling programs meet certain standards of quality.
355
Legal Responsibilities of Counselors
Legal obligations that counselors have in their professional practice.
356
Professional Counseling Associations
Organizations that support the development and interests of the counseling profession.
357
Peer Consultation
Process of consulting with peers on issues of concern in the practice of counseling.
358
Counseling Research
Methodological study of counseling practices and outcomes.
359
Counseling Interventions
Specific strategies used to address various mental health issues.
360
Substance Abuse Counseling
Specialty counseling aimed at helping individuals struggling with addiction or substance abuse
361
Urie Bronfenbrenner
Developer of ecological systems theory, emphasizing the importance of multiple environmental systems on development.
362
Microsystem
The immediate environment, including family, school, and peer group, that directly influences an individual.
363
Mesosystem
Interactions between the microsystems in an individual's life.
364
Exosystem
External settings that indirectly influence an individual's development (e.g., parent's workplace).
365
Macrosystem
Larger societal and cultural context influencing all layers of the ecological system.
366
Chronosystem
Transitions and shifts in one's lifespan and the sociohistorical context.
367
John Bowlby
Founder of attachment theory, emphasizing the importance of early attachment relationships.
368
Attachment Styles
Different ways individuals emotionally connect with others, developed based on early caregiving experiences.
369
Secure Base
The role of a caregiver as a base from which an infant can explore their environment.
370
Internal Working Model
Mental representations of oneself and relationships, formed based on early attachment experiences.
371
Mary Ainsworth
Developed the "Strange Situation" procedure and identified key attachment styles.
372
Disorganized Attachment
A rare attachment style characterized by contradictory behaviors and a lack of a clear attachment pattern.
373
James Marcia
Expanded on Erikson's identity development theory by proposing four identity statuses.
374
Identity Achievement
Status where individuals have explored options and made firm commitments.
375
Identity Moratorium
Status where individuals are actively exploring different identity options but haven't made commitments.
376
Identity Foreclosure
Status where individuals have made commitments without exploring different options.
377
Identity Diffusion
Status where individuals lack direction and have not explored options or made commitments.
378
Lawrence Kohlberg
Known for his theory of stages of moral development, emphasizing justice-based reasoning.
379
Preconventional Morality
First level of moral development where individuals make decisions based on rewards and punishments.
380
Conventional Morality
Second level where individuals conform to societal expectations and laws.
381
Postconventional Morality
Third level where moral reasoning is based on ethical principles and values.
382
Carol Gilligan
Critiqued Kohlberg's theory by emphasizing a care-based approach to moral development.
383
Ethic of Care
An alternative approach to moral development emphasizing relationships and care for others.
384
Albert Bandura
Developer of social learning theory, emphasizing the role of observational learning.
385
Reciprocal Determinism
Concept that behavior, environment, and personal factors influence each other bidirectionally.
386
Bobo Doll Experiment
Classic study demonstrating children's imitation of aggressive behavior after observing adults.
387
Self-Efficacy
One's belief in their ability to succeed in specific situations or accomplish tasks.
388
Self-Regulation
Ability to monitor and control one's behavior, thoughts, and emotions.
389
Lev Vygotsky
Developer of sociocultural theory, emphasizing the influence of social interaction on cognitive development.
390
Cultural Mediation
Use of cultural tools, including language, to mediate and transform mental activities.
391
Private Speech
Self-directed speech that children use to guide their behavior, eventually internalized as inner speech.
392
Edward Lorenz
Known for chaos theory, highlighting the sensitivity of complex systems to initial conditions.
393
Chaos Theory
Study of complex systems that are highly sensitive to initial conditions.
394
Daniel Levinson
Developer of the Four Major Eras/Transition theory focusing on adult development.
395
Seasons of a Man's Life
Levinson's theory that adult development occurs in stages marked by developmental tasks and transitions.
396
Early Adult Transition (17-22)
Period involving leaving adolescence and starting adulthood.
397
Middle Adult Transition (40-45)
Period involving reevaluation and potential changes in life structure.
398
Late Adult Transition (60-65)
Period involving preparation for retirement and later adulthood.
399
Harry Stack Sullivan
Developer of interpersonal theory emphasizing the role of social relationships in personality development.
400
Interpersonal Theory
Focuses on how interpersonal relationships and social interactions shape personality and behavior.
401
Alfred Adler
Founder of Adlerian theory emphasizing holistic development and striving for goals.
402
Adlerian Theory
Approach to therapy that emphasizes overcoming feelings of inferiority and gaining social interest.
403
Inferiority Complex
Feelings of inadequacy stemming from perceived physical or psychological shortcomings.
404
Striving for Superiority
Adler's concept that individuals are motivated by efforts to achieve competence and mastery.
405
Life Tasks
Tasks that individuals must accomplish to achieve satisfaction in life.
406
Nancy Chodorow
Known for her feminist theory emphasizing the role of mothering in personality development.
407
Judith Butler
Notable feminist theorist known for her work on gender identity and performativity.
408
Gender Performativity
Idea that gender is not inherent but is constructed and maintained through repeated behaviors.
409
Linda Carli
Researcher known for her work on social role theory and gender differences.
410
Social Role Theory
Examines how societal expectations influence behavior and development within social roles.
411
Developmental Psychopathology
Study of the development of psychological disorders, integrating multiple theoretical perspectives.
412
Behavior Genetics
Study of genetic and environmental influences on behavior.
413
Evolutionary Developmental Psychology
Study of how evolutionary principles help explain human development.
414
Developmental Tasks
Challenges that individuals must navigate to successfully develop across life stages.
415
Ethical Frameworks
Conceptual structures used to analyze and resolve ethical issues in counseling.
416
Professional Ethics Codes
Codes of conduct that outline the ethical responsibilities of professionals within counseling.
417
Ethical Principles in Counseling
Fundamental values such as autonomy, justice, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and fidelity guiding counselors.
418
Moral Dilemmas in Counseling
Situations in which a counselor faces conflicting ethical decisions.
419
Confidentiality Breaches
Issues involving unauthorized disclosure of client information.
420
Informed Consent in Research
Ethical requirement to inform research participants about the nature of the study and obtain their voluntary consent.
421
Ethical Issues in Teletherapy
Specific ethical considerations related to providing therapy through electronic means.
422
Counselor's Duty of Care
Legal and ethical obligation to act in the best interest of clients and avoid causing harm.
423
Boundary Management
Strategies to maintain professional and ethical boundaries with clients.
424
Professional Liability
Issues related to legal responsibilities and potential liabilities of counselors.
425
Record-Keeping Ethics
Ethical considerations for maintaining accurate and confidential client records.
426
Dual Relationships and Power Dynamics
Ethical concerns about relationships where a power imbalance exists, such as between a counselor and client.
427
Counseling Minors and Confidentiality
Specific ethical issues related to confidentiality and informed consent when working with underage clients.
428
Therapeutic Misconduct
Unethical behavior by a counselor that harms the client or violates professional standards.
429
Gifts in Therapy
Ethical considerations regarding accepting gifts from clients.
430
Sexual Misconduct in Therapy
Serious ethical violations involving inappropriate sexual behavior with clients.
431
Client Rights in Therapy
The rights of clients, including the right to confidentiality, informed consent, and respectful treatment.
432
Subpoenas and Confidentiality
Handling legal demands for client records while maintaining confidentiality obligations.
433
Technology in Counseling
Ethical issues related to the use of digital tools and social media in professional practice.
434
Peer Support and Ethical Practice
The role of peer support in maintaining ethical standards in counseling.
435
Continuing Professional Development
The ethical obligation for ongoing education and training to maintain competency.
436
Supervisor Responsibilities
Ethical responsibilities of supervisors in training and overseeing less experienced counselors.
437
Transparency in Therapy
The ethical importance of being honest and clear with clients about therapy processes.
438
Ethical Decision-Making Models
Frameworks that help counselors make ethical choices in complex situations.
439
Cultural Competency in Ethics
Understanding and integrating cultural factors ethically in counseling practice.
440
Spirituality and Ethics
Considerations for ethically integrating clients' spiritual beliefs into counseling.
441
Ethical Marketing Practices
Ethically promoting counseling services without misleading potential clients.
442
Client Termination
Issues and ethical considerations for appropriately ending counseling relationships.
443
Ethical Billing Practices
Fair and accurate billing practices that comply with ethical standards.
444
Reporting Ethical Violations
Guidelines and procedures for reporting unethical conduct in the counseling profession.
445
Whistleblowing in Counseling
Ethical considerations and protections for counselors who report misconduct.
446
Mandatory Reporting Laws
Laws requiring counselors to report instances of abuse or threats to the authorities.
447
Legal Rights of Clients
Legal protections and rights afforded to clients in the counseling process.
448
Counseling Across State Lines
Ethical and legal considerations for providing counseling services in multiple states.
449
Confidentiality with Technology
Managing client confidentiality in the use of electronic communications and records.
450
Social Justice and Advocacy in Counseling
The role of counselors in advocating for social justice and addressing systemic inequalities.
451
Client Autonomy in Therapy
Supporting clients' rights to make their own decisions regarding their treatment.
452
Professional Role in Advocacy
Counselors' role in advocating for the profession and its ethical standards.
453
Ethical Research Practices
Guidelines for conducting research ethically in the field of counseling.
454
Legal Issues in Group Therapy
Specific legal and ethical considerations for conducting group therapy sessions.
455
Insurance and Ethics
Issues related to dealing with insurance companies and maintaining ethical practices.
456
Discrimination and Ethics
Addressing and avoiding discriminatory practices in counseling.
457
Client Advocacy in Counseling
Supporting and promoting clients' best interests and rights.
458
Suicide Assessment and Ethics
Ethical considerations and responsibilities when assessing the risk of suicide.
459
Access to Counseling Services
Ethical considerations for providing equitable access to counseling services.
460
Ethics in Crisis Intervention
Ethical practices in the provision of counseling during emergencies and crises.
461
Ethical Use of Counseling Interns
Guidelines for the ethical use of interns in counseling practices.
462
Resolving Ethical Issues
Strategies for resolving ethical dilemmas and conflicts in counseling.
