NCE Practice Exam Flashcards

Question

A survey researcher has asked Larry and Carol about their attitudes toward obeying laws. They are asked what they would do in certain hypothetical situations. For example, if the only way to help someone and/or to avoid harming someone would involve breaking the law. “Law, schmaw, what’s important is doing the right thing,” said Carol. “True, we should do what’s right, but we’ve also made an agreement with society to follow its rules. We should try to do that too, but I agree that a lot of it depends on the situation,” said Larry. How did Larry and Carol fit in Kohlberg’s stages of moral development? a. Larry is in Stage 1 and Carol is in Stage 2 b. Larry is in Stage 4 and Carol is in Stage 3 c. Larry is in Stage 5 and Carol is in Stage 6 d. Larry is in Stage 4 and Carol is in Stage 5

Answer 1

c. Larry is in Stage 5 and Carol is in Stage 6 Larry is in Stage 5 (the first of Kohlberg’s two postconventional stages) where social contracts exist and most rules are relative; Carol is in stage 6, the second of the postconventional level: universal ethical principles apply in a self-chosen orientation, and the individual may or may not obey a law depending on whether they believe it is the right or moral thing to do. Kohlberg’s first preconventional level consists of stage 1 which has a punishment and obedience orientation (i.e., we must obey the law or be punished); and stage 2, which has a hedonistic and instrumental orientation (i.e., we must obey the law to get rewarded). Kohlberg’s second conventional level consists of stage 3, where an interpersonal acceptance orientation is predominant (i.e., we must follow the rules to get approval); and stage 4, where a law and order orientation prevails (e.g., we must obey the laws to conform to authority). The postconventional and highest level with Stages 5 and 6 is the level and stages of Larry’s and Carol’s respective moral development

Answer 2

c. Games People Play Berne, who created transactional analysis (a cognitive model of therapy), believed that the personality has three ego states – parent, adult, and child. He felt that people will play various games, which he named in his book Games People Play, to avoid intimacy. The book I’m OK – You’re OK was written by Thomas Harris. Harris extended Berne’s transactional analysis by positing four basic life positions: “I’m OK – You’re OK;” “I’m OK – You’re Not OK;” “I’m Not OK – You’re Not OK;” and “I’m Not OK – You’re OK.” The book In and Out of the Garbage Can was authored by Fritz Perls, the founder of Gestalt therapy. The book On Becoming a Person was written by Carl Rogers, whose therapy focused on the “process of becoming,” which moves clients toward self-actualization

Answer 3

c. Cognitive restructuring If a client worries about how she looks, checks her appearance in the mirror repeatedly for 4 to 5 hours every day, has had repeated plastic surgical procedures, and is diagnosed with body dysmorphic disorder and prescribed an SSRI by a psychiatrist, the approach to therapy that is most indicated is cognitive restructuring. Cognitive restructuring focuses on feelings that result in stress and asks the client to determine what is true about the feelings and what is false and then to develop alternative thoughts.

Answer 4

d. Multiplicative There is no “multiplicative” characterization of counselor responses in Carkhuff’s theory. Additive refers to a response that adds noticeably (Level 4) or significantly (Level 5) to the client’s affect. Subtractive refers to a response that does not attend to or detract significantly (Level 1) from the client’s affect, or one that subtracts noticeably (Level 2) from the client’s affect. Interchangeable refers to a response that is interchangeable (Level 3) with the client’s affect.

Answer 5

d. posting a public announcement of the close of the practice to ensure that all current and potential clients are notified. If a counselor plans to close his practice, he must inform all of his clients of that fact, provide the clients with referrals to other professionals, and notify all clients of the safeguards for the clinical records. If these procedures are not followed, the counselor could be violating ethical standards by abandoning his clients. Simply posting an announcement on closure of a practice does not guarantee that current clients will receive a timely notification to qualify for an appropriate and ethical end of the therapeutic relationship.

Answer 6

c. squaring the correlation coefficient. The coefficient of determination is true variance. It is obtained by squaring the correlation coefficient. In order to find the coefficient of non-determination, subtract the coefficient of determination from 1.00.

Answer 7

b. Contemplation Individuals in the contemplation stage are beginning to consider making a change. In this stage, clients are aware that they have a problem but are unsure if they want to change, or if they are even capable of making a change. Prochaska and DiClemente’s (1992) transtheoretical stages of change model consists of the following linear stages: precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance. Individuals in the precontemplation stage lack awareness of behaviors that may require change, and during the contemplation stage they begin to gain awareness of the behaviors without any plan to act on changing them. In the preparation (i.e., determination) stage, clients acknowledge the detrimental consequences of their behavior and get ready to make a change. Actual changes are made in the action stage. In the last stage, maintenance, individuals take the action steps required to sustain change.

Answer 8

a. They would both favor the etic approach Both Freud’s and Ellis’ counseling styles would favor an etic approach as both types of counseling use the same techniques for everybody regardless of the individual client’s personality or problems. An emic approach, which emphasizes individual differences rather than similarities. Thus, it would be favored by practitioners of Carl Rogers’ person-centered counseling or Adler’s individual psychology.

Answer 9

b. Glasser Glasser is associated with reality therapy, while the other three are Neo-Freudians. Karen Horney is associated with neurotic personalities, Jung with the collective unconscious and archetypes, and Adler with birth order and family constellations.

Answer 10

b. “It is not appropriate to ask me personal questions.” If a client with antisocial personality disorder asks the counselor a personal question, such as “Do you live with your boyfriend?” the most appropriate response is “It is not appropriate to ask me personal questions.” Consequences for inappropriate behavior should be clearly outlined, so the counselor may follow this statement with another: “If you continue to ask inappropriate questions, I will stop our discussion because that is the consequence for this behavior.” The counselor should use care not to try to coax or threaten the client into behaving more appropriately.

Answer 11

c. Antisocial personality disorder Children who are diagnosed with conduct disorder at a young age (preteen) are most at risk of developing antisocial personality disorder as adults. Those who develop conduct disorder during adolescence are more amenable to treatment. Adults with antisocial personality disorder have a persistent lack of regard for others and violate the rights of others beginning during childhood or early adolescence although the diagnosis is only made after the person turns 18 and has exhibited symptoms since age 15.

Answer 12

d. An authoritative parenting style usually allows children to have especially high self-esteem Asian children usually have lower self-esteem than their North American counterparts, while African American children have higher self-esteem than their Caucasian counterparts. Generally, boys have higher self-esteem than girls. An authoritative parenting style is generally more accepting and less critical of children’s negative behavior: Parents tend to build their children’s self-esteem because the focus is on building a sense of worth and independence.

Answer 13

b. make a referral to another counselor. It is not necessary that a counselor refer a client from another culture to another counselor. What is important is that the counselor demonstrates sensitivity to the needs of that client and has some knowledge about other cultures. If the cultural differences are accompanied by language differences, respectful care would include an interpreter to ensure that the patient’s needs are being clearly explained and the counselor’s recommendations are provided to the patient with equal clarity.

Answer 14

b. “Are you confused because you don’t know why she had to leave town?” If a client states, “I don’t understand. My daughter said that she had to leave town,” an appropriate clarifying question would be “Are you confused because you don’t know why she had to leave town?” Clarifying questions are utilized to ensure that the listener has understood the meaning (as opposed to just the words) of the client’s statement. Clarifying questions often contain some paraphrase of what the client has stated and may include such phrases as “Did I understand you to say…?” or “Did you say…?”

Answer 15

d. Support the client’s decision If a 27-year-old client with narcissistic personality disorder is pregnant and has made plans to have an abortion but the counselor is opposed to abortion for religious reasons, the counselor should support the client’s decision. The client has the legal right to make this decision, and the counselor must use care not to impose personal religious beliefs onto the client or try to pressure the client into making a different decision.

Answer 16

c. A statement of disclosure may be required by law in some states and not others A statement of disclosure is not required by law in every state of the U.S., but may be required in some states. Since it is required by law in some states, answer B is incorrect. A statement of disclosure is given to a potential or new client before counseling begins, so answer D is incorrect.

Answer 17

b. the social exchange theory. The Social Exchange Theory reduces altruism to the simple factors of cost and gain. The theory says that people do things for those people from whom they can expect something in return. Of course, this theory does not explain all instances of altruistic behavior, but it does point to the reason for some altruistic acts. In fact, some professionals theorize that there is no such thing as a purely altruistic act

Answer 18

d. overcome feelings of inferiority. Haley’s strategic family therapy describes the role of the therapist as finding the myths that keep behavior going, understanding levels of communication, and focusing on levels of organization in families. Overcoming feelings of inferiority is part of the Adlerian family therapy.

Answer 19

a. its conscious material. In Freudian psychoanalysis, dream analysis is a psychotherapeutic technique used to interpret the client’s dreams. Freud believed that dreams contain information about unconscious thoughts and conflicts that can be useful in treating the client. “Manifest content” is the term given for the conscious (or remembered) parts of the dream. “Latent content” is unconscious (not remembered) material from the dream. Psychoanalysts analyze the manifest content (in an attempt to get at the latent content) as a way to better understand the inner workings of the client’s mind, especially material that might be sexual or aggressive in nature.

Answer 20

c. Recognition Multiple-choice questions of any sort tap into a person’s recognition memory. The person is given information from which to choose the correct answer. Recall is tapped using short-answer essays or a fill-in-the-blank format. Test takers are provided with very little information and must rely on their own recall memory to retrieve the answers. Organization and planning have no relevance here.

Answer 21

a. not very motivated. Research shows that individuals who prematurely leave a group are less intelligent, poorly motivated, and high in denial. They have difficulties trusting others. Individuals who continue through the course of group counseling are open to new experiences, trusting, willing to listen to others, and empathetic. Trust is the most important characteristic for individuals who participate in group counseling. If a person is trusting, he will be more willing to open up to others, share experiences, benefit from feedback, and empathize with others. People with more limited intelligence may not be able to maneuver social situations at an appropriate level of sophistication that is necessary for group success.

Answer 22

c. Denial Denial: Completely refusing to acknowledge a situation that is stressful, such as ignoring a son’s probable drug problem. Intellectualism: Using rational intellectual processes to deal with stress and loss, such as by discussing positive aspects of being single. Displacement: Transferring feelings from one person or thing to another, such as being angry with a boss and taking the anger out on a spouse. Rationalization: Attempting to find excuses for unacceptable behavior or feelings, such as drinking to relieve the stress of work.

Answer 23

b. William Glasser and Rollo May William Glasser’s reality therapy emphasizes that we determine our fate and are in charge of our lives. Rollo May’s existential therapy says we have freedom of choice and are responsible for our fate. B. F. Skinner became the primary proponent of behaviorism, which is deterministic and mechanistic in nature. Arnold Lazarus created multimodal therapy, which is holistic and eclectic in its approach but also has strong behavioral influences. These both emphasize learning rather than freedom and responsibility. Carl Rogers had a humanistic and holistic approach. While he believed the individual is self-directed, he emphasized warmth, empathy, self-acceptance and self-exploration more than personal responsibility. Heinz Kohut was a proponent of neo-Freudian psychoanalysis wherein the counselor is directive and in charge. He followed Freud’s belief in unconscious motivations and biological determinism, not freedom of choice. Albert Ellis focused more on rational self-analysis than on issues of freedom or responsibility, and Eric Berne viewed the counselor as a teacher who contracts with the client for positive change. He focused on analysis of transactions and on transformations.

Answer 24

b. A test may be reliable, but not valid A test may be reliable, meaning it is consistent and its results can be replicated, without being valid, meaning it does not test what it claims to test. Answer A is the definition of reliability, not validity. Answer C is not true because valid tests will normally be reliable (unless the variable being measured changes). Answer D is not true of reliability but is true of validity, which is situation-specific (i.e., a test can be valid for some purposes but not for others).

Answer 25

a. Stay with the client and reassure her The initial intervention for an emotional crisis reflecting psychopathology is to stay with the client and reassure her until her panic subsides. People with BPD often feel insecure and inherently worthless. They are often erratic and have difficulty establishing long-term relationships although symptoms tend to lessen with age. The main feature of borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a persistent pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and emotion. Two-thirds of those diagnosed are female. Characteristics include attempts to avoid real or imagined abandonment and impulsivity in at least 2 areas.

Answer 26

b. Holland; Krumboltz Krumboltz is a behaviorist and, therefore, is interested not only in genetic endowment but in environmental factors and learning experiences. Holland developed the SDS, which involves looking at an individual’s personality characteristics and matching them to clusters of job skills or interests. Therefore, Holland believes that career choices are expressions of one’s personality. Roe’s theory is developmental and includes not only aspects of one’s personality, but genetics, parent–child relationships, and one’s early experiences.

Answer 27

a. Outpatient treatment and crisis numbers Since the evidence-based SAFE-T tool indicates that the client is at low risk for suicide because risks (such as access to guns and health concerns) are modifiable and protective factors (such as religious beliefs and social supports) are strong, the intervention that is most indicated is outpatient treatment with crisis numbers to call if the client needs support. The SAFE-T tool has 5 steps: (1) assessment of risk factors, (2) assessment of protective factors, (3) suicide inquiry (specific questions about plans, intent, ideation), (4) assignment of risk level (low, moderate, high) and appropriate intervention, and (5) documentation and plans.

Answer 28

a. In some states, insurance laws now require licensed counselors to be reimbursed for treating certain mental illnesses Laws have changed in only some states to require insurance companies to reimburse licensed counselors, but often for only certain mental illnesses. Newer laws do NOT exist in all states of the U.S. In the states where they do exist, they do NOT cover all mental illnesses

Answer 29

d. Blunt or flat affect, avolition, and reduced speech Negative symptoms associated with schizophrenia include blunt or flat affect, lack of energy and passivity (anergia), lack of motivation and inability to initiate tasks (avolition), poverty of speech content and speech production, and sudden interruption in speech and thought patterns so that the client may stop speaking in the middle of an idea when the client loses track of what he or she was saying (thought stopping). Negative symptoms impair social functioning and the ability to hold a job because of the client’s difficulty with decision-making and communication.

Answer 30

b. Jason is mainly an investigative type and Sallie is mainly a social type An investigative type prefers systematic, intellectual activities and has poor social skills. Examples include a computer programmer or a chemist. This is Jason’s predominant type. A social type dislikes activities with tools or machines and prefers activities that inform or develop other people. This is Sallie’s predominant type. A realistic type is aggressive, prefers explicit activities involving physical work, and has poor social skills (examples could include a mechanic or a technician). An artistic type is imaginative, prefers self-expression, and dislikes systematic and ordered activities (examples could include an artist or an editor). A conventional type is practical, prefers structured activities, and dislikes ambiguous or unsystematic work (examples could include a file clerk or an accountant). An enterprising type is an extrovert who likes leadership roles and persuasive endeavors and dislikes abstract tasks or activities requiring caution. Enterprising types might be salespersons, entrepreneurs, or those in management roles.

Answer 31

a. Have an outside observer assess the group An effective method to evaluate the progress of a group therapy session is to have an outside observer sit in on a session or two, and evaluate the group dynamics. Using the group facilitator or counselor to evaluate the group may not always be the most effective method, as the counselor would be evaluating his/her own performance. Likewise, group members are ineffective at evaluating the group because of their personal involvement and possible lack of objectivity. An outside observer brings an objective view to the situation and can more easily point out possible difficulties between group members, and between the group and the facilitator.

Answer 32

c. Intellectualism If a client who recently learned he had kidney cancer has been researching everything he can about the disease, treatment, and outlook, the defense mechanism the client is utilizing is intellectualism, examining all the facts in a straightforward manner in order to avoid an emotional reaction. Rationalization is explaining unacceptable thoughts or behavior in a positive light. Repression is a mental process that removes thoughts and emotions from consciousness. Compensation is the act of overachieving in one way in order to make up for lack of achievement in another.

Answer 33

b. Antipsychotic Antipsychotic (or neuroleptic) medications have been in use since the 1950s and are quite effective overall for schizophrenia. These medications work by affecting neurotransmitters in the brain. They are not, however, a cure-all. The need for medication is highly individualized and may or may not work depending upon the situation. Some patients are helped a great deal, but for others the medications aren’t effective. Antipsychotic drugs are often particularly helpful with delusions and hallucinations. Reported side effects include weight gain, drowsiness, muscle spasms, fidgeting, shaking, or stiffness, and sometimes heart problems. Commonly prescribed antipsychotic medications are quetiapine, chlorpromazine, and aripiprazole.

Answer 34

a. “I can see you are concerned, but we have agreed to avoid negative comments about each other.” If a therapy group for women who have suffered intimate partner violence has agreed to avoid making negative comments about each other, but during one discussion, one member tells another, “You are a complete idiot if you believe your husband is going to change his behavior!” the most appropriate response is, “I can see you are concerned, but we have agreed to avoid negative comments about each other.” Instead of blaming or pointing the finger, this acknowledges the client’s feelings while still pointing out the violation.

Answer 35

a. the National Vocational Guidance Association in 1913. The National Vocational Guidance Association founded in 1913 is known as the first professional counseling association. Though the Vocation Bureau in Boston, directed by Frank Parsons, began earlier in 1908, it is not known as the first professional counseling association. The APGA founded in 1952 and the OVR founded in 1954 were both founded later than the NVGA.

Answer 36

b. Physical system, relationships, identity of self Umwelt means the world of the physical or biological system. Mitwelt refers to the world of relationships. Eigenwelt is the world of self-identity. (Welt means world in German. Um means around and umwelt means environment. Mit means with, so Mitwelt refers to one’s relationships with others. Eigen means one’s own, so Eigenwelt is one’s own world or the self.)

Answer 37

d. the counselor’s role involves all of the above Career counselors are involved in all of these activities. They help clients become better aware of themselves, teach decision making skills, and teach employability skills

Answer 38

c. a set of standards of best practice. A code of ethics is not a legal and binding document, nor is it a set of strict rules by which counselors must abide. It is really a guideline or a set of standards for best professional and moral conduct. There usually are no right or wrong answers to ethical dilemmas. When confronted with an ethical dilemma, discuss it with other counselors and/or contact the ethics committee.

Answer 39

a. REBT Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT), by Albert Ellis, deals not only with behaviors and feelings, but also with the thoughts behind them. Irrational ideas are believed to be the basic reason for the unpleasant and/or unwanted feelings and behaviors of a client. Ellis theorized that there are twelve core irrational beliefs that can cause or sustain psychological difficulties. One of those core beliefs is that the significant others of an individual must love them for nearly anything they do, instead of the healthier focus on self-respect and loving others without expectation of love being returned.

Answer 40

c. is free from the use of alcohol or other drugs. Individuals who have been diagnosed with severe mental illness, have histories of being violent or explosive, have limited cognitive or thinking abilities, are unable to communicate effectively, or use alcohol or other recreational drugs are, generally speaking, not good candidates for inclusion in a group. It is important for all group members to feel safe (particularly those with a past of domestic violence), and having an individual who is prone to violence in the group may compromise safety. It is also important that all group members effectively communicate, process, and understand interpersonal relationships at a functional level. Therefore, individuals with limited capacities for any of these skills would not be good candidates for inclusion in a group. The process of a group is to learn and practice more appropriate social interaction skills. Someone who is incapable of understanding social interaction skills would not be a good candidate for the group.

Answer 41

c. The Career Pattern Study The Career Pattern Study was a study by Donald Super that investigated the vocational behavior of individuals from 9th grade into their 30s. He found that career maturity and achievement in high school were predictive of the same behaviors in adulthood. The Vocational Preference Inventory and the Self-Directed Search were both developed by John Holland for identifying a person’s predominant vocational personality type according to his typology. The Career Assessment Inventory is an instrument developed by Charles B. Johansson, which adopted Holland’s typology. The Strong Interest Inventory is another instrument in which Strong also used Holland’s typology.

Answer 42

a. Psychoeducation Psychoeducation is didactic in nature and can be used to provide information about an individual’s diagnosis, medication compliance, prognosis, and treatment adherence. There are elements of psychoeducation that can be delivered via crisis intervention; however, the main goal of crisis interventions is to assess the client for safety and explore treatment options to match the client’s required level of care. Group therapy, particularly process groups, is designed to help individuals with similar concerns. The process goals of group therapy are relational and can be elicited by providing members with a safe and appropriate therapeutic environment. Primary prevention services are used to reach individuals who may be at risk but have not yet developed a specific problem; this differs from psychoeducation in that psychoeducation targets an identified diagnosis or specific problem.

Answer 43

d. quid pro quo. This is an example of quid pro quo: “If you do something for me, I’ll do something for you.” In this case, the act of loading the dishwasher would be an act that the daughter does for the mother, and the subsequent act of taking the daughter shopping would be the act the mother does for the daughter. Positive punishment is the act of adding a negative stimulus after an unwanted behavior in order to decrease the unwanted behavior. Negative reinforcement deals with the removal of unpleasant consequences when a desired behavior occurs.

Answer 44

b. Deindividuation If an adolescent male is seeing the counselor after he was arrested along with four other boys for breaking into a school and vandalizing it as part of an initiation into a club and states he was aware that what he was doing was wrong but didn’t questions and went along with the group anyway, this is an example of deindividuation. Being immersed in a group caused the client to be less aware of his own sense of value and to do things that he would likely not have done by himself.

Answer 45

d. Storming

Answer 46

d. Psychotherapy (talk therapy) If a client has been diagnosed with narcissistic personality disorder, the therapy approach that is generally recommended is psychotherapy, focusing on personality traits. Change is often difficult, and the client may require therapy for extended periods before making progress, especially if the client is not motivated to make changes. Those with narcissistic personality disorder typically have little empathy for others and have an elevated sense of their own importance and a strong need for approval and admiration.

Answer 47

c. Investigating individual differences and intellect J. P. Guilford was an American psychologist known primarily for his study of intellectual ability and individual differences. He also did research in creativity, which he associated with “divergent thinking.” He believed that intelligence testing wouldn’t be as effective with divergent thinking/creative people so he developed special tests for divergent thinkers, which are used with gifted children and others. He believed that creative people could actually achieve lower IQ scores because of the manner in which they approached the testing. He was one of the early theorists who believed intelligence to be a complex, diverse issue, and that a variety of differences and abilities must be taken into account.

Answer 48

b. Focus on individual needs

Answer 49

a. Clarify the client’s problem An appropriate primary intervention for clients at risk of emotional illness resulting from trauma, such as an act of violence, is to clarify the client’s problem to ensure that both the client and the counselor are perceiving the problem in the same manner. Other primary interventions related to trauma include focusing on a reality approach, avoiding lengthy explanations of the problem, helping the client understand what precipitated the problem, acknowledging the client’s feelings, and showing unconditional acceptance.

Answer 50

c. Selection of subjects

Answer 51

c. Construct validity Construct validity exists when a test successfully measures a hypothetical construct, such as locus of control, field dependency, creativity, etc. Convergent validation occurs when the construct being studied correlates highly with other constructs. Discriminant validation occurs when there is no statistically significant correlation with other constructs. Content validity refers to the instrument containing items from the proper domain of usable items. Predictive validity refers to the confirmation of a test’s predictions by later behaviors or other measurable criteria. Concurrent validity refers to test results being successfully compared with other criteria or test results at the same time.

Answer 52

b. This insurance is required by law in some states, but not in others

Answer 53

a. increases, taking away; increases, adding

Answer 54

b. To expand practical understanding of group work

Answer 55

b. less effective overall than problem-focused coping. Emotion-focused coping can be productive in times when a delay in dealing with stress is the best course of action; however, overall, problem-focused coping is usually the best strategy.

Answer 56

a. Schizophrenia Typical symptoms of schizophrenia include: grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior and/or speech, delusions and/or hallucinations, blunted affect (poor or inappropriate expressive responses to external stimuli), autism (intense self-preoccupation). Continuous signs of symptoms must be present (allowing for waxing and waning fluctuations) for six or more months. There are five types: 1) paranoid; 2) disorganized; 3) catatonic; 4) undifferentiated; and, 5) residual. Early mild symptoms are sometimes referred to as prodromal schizophrenia.

Answer 57

d. variable ratio The unpredictability of a variable ratio schedule of reinforcement makes it the hardest to extinguish because the subject doesn’t know if he will get reinforced the next time or in five minutes or after twenty tries. All the other schedules of reinforcement are predictable.

Answer 58

a. It means that the counselor is willing to accept the possibility of erring in accepting or rejecting the null hypothesis one time out of one hundred Significance level means the degree to which one is likely to make a mistake in either rejecting or accepting the null hypothesis when they should not (i.e., There is not a significant difference between experimental groups but the null hypothesis is rejected, or there is indeed a significant difference but the null hypothesis is not is accepted). Conventions of experimental research tend to use significance levels of .05, .01, or .001. A level of .01, as in this question, means that one is willing to accept the possibility of error in one out of one hundred experimental trials. Significance level does not refer to actually executing the experiment itself wrongly, nor does it refer to errors of instrumentation or to the hypothesis itself being incorrect. Additionally, in answer D, “ten out of one hundred” is wrong. In answer C, “one out of ten” is also wrong.

Answer 59

d. It gives students’ parents access to their counseling records

Answer 60

a. ordinal.

Answer 61

c. Partial hospitalization

Answer 62

c. disregard the results of the test as the reliability is too low. Reliability levels of 0.60 or below are often considered to be too low to be acceptable. Lower levels can be acceptable only if the counselor is using the information gained from the test in conjunction with other tests or information and should not be considered if the counselor is using it as the primary source of information about the client. A high reliability is considered 0.90, with 0.80 as moderate and 0.70 as low reliability. A reliability of 0.60 would be considered by most to be too low to be of significant use.

Answer 63

b. There is a normal score distribution

Answer 64

a. Level 1

Answer 65

a. Source, surface, and unique

Answer 66

a. inform the patient of the limits of confidentiality.

Answer 67

b. A factorial ANOVA

Answer 68

d. objective tests; subjective tests

Answer 69

b. Jungian Jungian therapists believe in a collective unconscious. Another key concept of Jungian therapy is the archetype. The goal of Jungian therapy is to transform the self by gaining knowledge about the self (collective unconscious, archetypes, personal unconscious) and then recognizing and integrating all aspects of the self (archetypes, etc.).

Answer 70

b. his samples used for research and data collection were limiting.

Answer 71

d. all of the above.

Answer 72

b. stratified sampling technique.

Answer 73

c. occupational stress.

Answer 74

d. a chromosomal abnormality

Answer 75

c. pinpointing irrational beliefs.

Answer 76

b. p < 0.01

Answer 77

d. Both A and C

Answer 78

c. consider his financial situation and negotiate a reduced fee if this is warranted.

Answer 79

d. Both A and C

Answer 80

a. nonassertive.

Answer 81

a. Culture-specific

Answer 82

d. Attachment theory

Answer 83

d. All of the above

Answer 84

d. None of these

Answer 85

b. A personality test

Answer 86

c. The client disliked the counselor’s methods

Answer 87

b. The client who does not enjoy his work

Answer 88

b. avoidance-avoidance conflict.

Answer 89

b. Localized Localized amnesia, usually occurs in response to severe trauma and persists for hours or days. Selective amnesia involves the inability to remember some aspects of a traumatic event while remembering other aspects

Answer 90

b. has more diversity within its membership.

Answer 91

a. Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS)

Answer 92

c. cognition.

Answer 93

d. It means that most scoring very high or low on a pretest will score nearer the mean on a posttest

Answer 94

a. Freedom

Answer 95

b. confidentiality.

Answer 96

d. Revised Children’s Manifest Anxiety Scale (RCMAS)

Answer 97

c. psychoeducation group.

Answer 98

c. Carl Jung; genetic

Answer 99

b. Students with high responsibilities at home such as taking care of younger siblings

Answer 100

c. Labeling some individuals

Answer 101

a. disengaged from

Answer 102

c. A role assumed by a group therapy member

Answer 103

a. monadic; dyadic; triadic; dyadic and triadic

Answer 104

b. Inherited intellectual abilities

Answer 105

a. A behavioral modification technique

Answer 106

d. Advocacy

Answer 107

d. Asking the client about personal matters unrelated to client’s needs

Answer 108

c. Measuring the reinforcing characteristics of an occupation

Answer 109

b. Panic disorder

Answer 110

d. Apply for jobs that are less demanding

Answer 111

c. orally fixated.

Answer 112

a. Behavior that is maladaptive and harmful

Answer 113

c. 100,000.

Answer 114

a. How strong the relation is between things

Answer 115

b. Confidentiality is an ethical concept, and privileged communication is a legal concept

Answer 116

c. Bobo doll study.

Answer 117

a. Assessment, diagnosis, case conceptualization, and treatment planning

Answer 118

d. be alert to her mental status and be able to determine if continuing with her clients poses any threat of being detrimental to the counseling process.

Answer 119

a. Token economy

Answer 120

d. All of the above

Answer 121

c. increases; decreases

Answer 122

d. Horn effect

Answer 123

c. Feminist therapy

Answer 124

a. Objective

Answer 125

d. Splitting

Answer 126

a. Stereotypes exaggerate the differences that exist between groups

NCE Practice Exam Flashcards

(154 cards)