NCII Possible Questions Flashcards

Question

How would you treat clothing with ketchup stains?

Answer 1

Soak the clothing in tap water and rinse with bleach

Answer 2

Do not let clothes over dry. Don't iron the collar in polo shirt. In pants pocket first, waist then leg.

Answer 3

Sort the laundry according to colors. According to the degree of soiling light or heavy soiled. According to specialty items.

Answer 4

Test in the hidden area. Dip a part of clothing and observe for bleeding.

Answer 5

Put rails on the doors and stairs.

Answer 6

There is a skull/bone sign or warning sign/caution in the label

Answer 7

Identify if it is corrosive or non-corrosive. 1. Call Emergency Services Dial emergency services (911, 112, or the local number in your country**). Provide details: What poison was ingested, how much, and when. 2. Check the Person’s Condition If unconscious or having seizures: Lay them on their side to prevent choking. If not breathing: Begin CPR until help arrives. 3. Identify the Poison Look for bottles, packaging, or other clues to tell medical responders. If possible, note the ingredients and time of ingestion. 4. Do NOT Induce Vomiting (Unless Advised by a Professional) Vomiting can cause more harm (e.g., if the poison is acidic, corrosive, or petroleum-based). 5. Specific First Aid for Different Poisons Household Chemicals (bleach, cleaners, pesticides): DO NOT induce vomiting. Rinse the mouth with water. Give small sips of water or milk (unless unconscious). Acids & Corrosives (toilet cleaner, battery acid): DO NOT induce vomiting. Give small sips of water or milk to dilute the poison. Petroleum Products (kerosene, gasoline, paint thinner): DO NOT induce vomiting (risk of inhaling into lungs). Keep them in a well-ventilated area. Medications or Unknown Poisons: DO NOT induce vomiting unless told to. If the person is conscious, give water. 6. Activated Charcoal (If Recommended by a Doctor) In some cases, activated charcoal (not regular charcoal) can absorb poison, but only use it if instructed by a medical professional. 7. Monitor Their Condition Until Help Arrives Keep the person calm and awake. Observe for symptoms like difficulty breathing, seizures, or unconsciousness

Answer 8

low sugar, oral fluid intake

Answer 9

low salt, high fiber

Answer 10

Protect the culture, belief, religion, and ethnicity. Provide privacy.

Answer 11

Color fast clothing does not fade easily. Non-color fast easily bleeds. The difference between fast and non-color fast clothing lies in how well the fabric retains its dye when exposed to washing, sweat, or sunlight. 1. Fast Color Clothing ✅ Retains its color even after multiple washes. ✅ Does not bleed or fade when exposed to water, detergent, or sunlight. ✅ Often made with high-quality dyes and dye-fixing treatments. ✅ Suitable for mixing with other clothes in the wash. 2. Non-Color Fast Clothing ❌ Bleeds or fades when washed, especially in hot water. ❌ Colors may transfer to other fabrics (color bleeding). ❌ Can lose vibrancy over time. ❌ Requires special care (e.g., washing separately in cold water or hand washing). How to Check for Color Fastness? Rub a damp white cloth on the fabric—if color transfers, it’s non-color fast. Soak a small section in soapy water—if the water changes color, it may bleed.

Answer 12

Dry/electric and steam

Answer 13

Increase oral fluid intake

Answer 14

running water

Answer 15

No seafoods and chocolates

Answer 16

breast milk for baby lactose free for adult

Answer 17

Explain the essence of life and comfort your patient

Answer 18

temporal carotid brachial ulnar radial femoral popliteal dorsalis pedis posterior tibial

Answer 19

When undressing, start from the unaffected side When dressing, starts from the affected side

Answer 20

liver, organ meats

Answer 21

carbohydrates proteins vitamins and minerals (go, grow ,glow)

Answer 22

Occupied Unoccupied surgical OB bed

Answer 23

inflatable cuff rubber tubing air release valve bulb manometer (gauge)

Answer 24

earpieces ear tubing chest piece diaphragm bell

Answer 25

bulb and stem

Answer 26

bottom sheet draw sheet rubber sheet top sheet hamper (for soiled linens) pillow cases

Answer 27

Must double bag and place it in the hamper

Answer 28

Heimlich maneuver

Answer 29

It is important in preventing infection. To reduce the spread of microorganisms.

Answer 30

gloves mask shoe cover lab gown googles face shield

Answer 31

wash hands

Answer 32

liquid powder concentrated

Answer 33

Praise them in every activity they complete. Pay attention.

Answer 34

white hair wrinkles body posture brittle bones sexual dysfunction

Answer 35

Recall the past. Always reorient the patient with name, place and time.

Answer 36

Make it cool. Stir.

Answer 37

soft and easy to swallow

Answer 38

Turn on lights and clear the path

Answer 39

Bring the patient to the nearest hospital

Answer 40

suggest to put bed pan or corn mode

Answer 41

120-140bpm

Answer 42

oral rectal axillary tympanic

Answer 43

sweet food

Answer 44

exercise range of motion occupational therapy

Answer 45

arthritis joint pain

Answer 46

rubber mat and keep it dry

Answer 47

to prevent bedsores

Answer 48

offer ambulating devices, wheelchair, crutches and walker

Answer 49

massage back rub

Answer 50

Explain to the child that there is a time to play.

Answer 51

ball games push and pull toys

Answer 52

playing with non-pointed toys drawing

Answer 53

Do not reuse diapers, always use a clean one, keep the diaper dry always

Answer 54

The baby is wet, hungry or has fever.

Answer 55

ignore but maintain safety

Answer 56

anal stage

Answer 57

feed the baby play with them be friendly

Answer 58

Get the child, bath him/her and leave him/her on a safe place and then clean the area.

Answer 59

A. Axillary (underarm) temperature (most commonly used for newborns) - place the newborn in a comfortable position, such as lying on their back. A. Axillary (Underarm) Method (Most commonly used for newborns) 1️⃣ Turn on the digital thermometer. 2️⃣ Place the tip in the newborn’s dry armpit. 3️⃣ Hold the arm snugly against the body. 4️⃣ Wait for the beep (usually 30–60 seconds). 5️⃣ Read and record the temperature. ✅ Normal Axillary Temperature: 36.5–37.5°C (97.7–99.5°F) B. Rectal temperature (more accurate) - place the baby on their stomach or hold their legs gently up. B. Rectal Method (Most accurate but requires extra care) 1️⃣ Apply a small amount of petroleum jelly to the thermometer tip. 2️⃣ Gently insert the tip ½ to 1 inch into the rectum (never force it). 3️⃣ Hold it steady until the thermometer beeps. 4️⃣ Remove carefully and read the temperature. ✅ Normal Rectal Temperature: 36.6–38.0°C (97.9–100.4°F) Note: Record and Report Findings 📋 Write down the temperature reading and report if it's below 36.5°C (hypothermia) or above 38°C (fever). 💡 Note: If your TESDA NC2 assessment specifically asks about oral temperature, mention that newborns should not have their temperature taken orally due to the risk of injury and inaccurate readings.

Answer 60

Wipe with alcohol or wash under warm water with soap.

Answer 61

1. Normal Pulse Rate for Newborns ✅ 110–160 beats per minute (bpm) ✅ May be higher when crying or active (up to 180 bpm). ✅ May be lower when sleeping (as low as 90 bpm). 2. Methods of Taking a Newborn’s Pulse A. Apical Pulse (Preferred Method) – Using a stethoscope B. Brachial Pulse – Using fingertips on the upper arm C. Femoral Pulse – Using fingertips on the inner thigh 3. Equipment Needed 🔹 Stethoscope (for apical pulse) 🔹 Watch/Timer (with seconds) 🔹 Alcohol wipes (to clean the stethoscope) 4. Step-by-Step Procedure A. Apical Pulse (Most Accurate & Recommended for Newborns) 1️⃣ Wash hands thoroughly. 2️⃣ Position the newborn comfortably (lying on the back). 3️⃣ Warm the stethoscope by rubbing the diaphragm between your hands. 4️⃣ Place the stethoscope over the left side of the chest, just below the nipple. 5️⃣ Listen to the heartbeat for one full minute (count each "lub-dub" as one beat). 6️⃣ Record the heart rate in beats per minute (bpm). 7️⃣ Report any abnormal findings (e.g., too fast or too slow heart rate). ✅ Apical Pulse Normal Range: 110–160 bpm B. Brachial Pulse (Alternative Method – Without a Stethoscope) 1️⃣ Find the pulse on the inner side of the newborn’s upper arm (midway between the shoulder and elbow). 2️⃣ Use two fingers (index and middle) to feel the pulse gently. Do not use your thumb. 3️⃣ Count the beats for one full minute. 4️⃣ Record and report the pulse rate. ✅ Brachial Pulse Normal Range: 110–160 bpm 5. Important Notes for the TESDA NC2 Assessment 🚨 DO NOT press too hard when checking the pulse, as a newborn’s blood vessels are delicate. 🚨 ALWAYS count for a full minute since a newborn’s pulse can be irregular. 🚨 If the pulse is below 100 bpm or above 180 bpm, report immediately.

Answer 62

1. Normal Respiratory Rate for Newborns ✅ 30–60 breaths per minute ✅ Breathing may be irregular (periodic breathing), but there should be no pauses longer than 10 seconds. ✅ May temporarily increase with crying or movement. 2. Equipment Needed Watch or timer (with seconds) Pen and paper (to record findings) 💡 Note: No stethoscope is required unless checking for abnormal breath sounds. 3. Step-by-Step Procedure A. Prepare for the Assessment 1️⃣ Wash hands thoroughly. 2️⃣ Ensure the baby is calm (not crying or moving too much). 3️⃣ Position the newborn on their back in a relaxed position. B. Observe the Baby’s Breathing 1️⃣ Look at the newborn’s chest or abdomen (babies are belly breathers). 2️⃣ Count the number of breaths for 1 full minute (each rise and fall = 1 breath). 3️⃣ Observe for abnormalities, such as: ❌ Nasal flaring (nostrils widen with each breath) ❌ Grunting sounds ❌ Chest retractions (sinking skin between ribs or below the ribcage) ❌ Bluish skin (cyanosis) around the lips or face 4. Record and Report Findings ✅ If the respiratory rate is 30–60 breaths per minute, record it as normal. 🚨 If the breathing is less than 30 or more than 60 per minute, report immediately. 5. Important Notes for the TESDA NC2 Assessment ⚠️ Do NOT count while the baby is crying (it will give an inaccurate reading). ⚠️ Always count for a full minute, as newborns have irregular breathing patterns. ⚠️ If abnormal signs appear, seek medical help immediately.

Answer 63

1. Normal Blood Pressure Range for Newborns (0–28 days old) ✅ Systolic (Upper number): 60–80 mmHg ✅ Diastolic (Lower number): 40–50 mmHg 🚨 Low BP (Hypotension): Below 60/40 mmHg – May indicate shock or dehydration. 🚨 High BP (Hypertension): Above 90/60 mmHg – May indicate heart or kidney problems. 2. Equipment Needed Neonatal blood pressure cuff (right size for a newborn) Manual sphygmomanometer (BP apparatus) or electronic BP monitor Stethoscope (if using a manual BP cuff) 💡 Important: The BP cuff size should cover ⅔ of the newborn’s upper arm or leg for accurate readings. 3. Step-by-Step Procedure A. Preparing for the BP Measurement 1️⃣ Wash hands before starting. 2️⃣ Choose the right limb – Usually, the right upper arm is preferred. The leg can also be used if needed. 3️⃣ Ensure the newborn is calm – If the baby is crying or moving, wait until they settle for a more accurate reading. B. Measuring Blood Pressure (Manual Method) 1️⃣ Wrap the neonatal cuff snugly around the newborn’s upper arm. 2️⃣ Place the stethoscope over the brachial artery (inner elbow). 3️⃣ Inflate the cuff until you no longer hear the pulse (around 80–90 mmHg). 4️⃣ Slowly release air and listen for the first heartbeat sound (systolic BP). 5️⃣ Keep releasing air until the sound disappears (diastolic BP). 6️⃣ Record the BP reading (e.g., 70/45 mmHg). ✅ Normal BP for Newborns: 60–80 / 40–50 mmHg C. Measuring Blood Pressure (Electronic Monitor Method) 1️⃣ Place the neonatal cuff on the right upper arm. 2️⃣ Turn on the BP monitor and start the reading. 3️⃣ The device will inflate and deflate automatically. 4️⃣ Record the BP reading from the screen. 4. Recording and Reporting Findings 📋 Write down the BP reading, time, and limb used (e.g., Right Arm: 70/45 mmHg). 🚨 Report immediately if the BP is too high (≥90/60) or too low (≤60/40). 5. Important Notes for the TESDA NC2 Assessment ⚠️ Always use a neonatal-sized BP cuff – an adult cuff will give inaccurate results. ⚠️ Do not measure BP when the baby is crying or moving too much. ⚠️ If BP is abnormal, check again in 10 minutes before reporting.

Answer 64

1. Normal Temperature Range for a 1-Year-Old ✅ Oral (Mouth): 36.4–37.4°C (97.5–99.3°F) ✅ Axillary (Underarm): 36.5–37.5°C (97.7–99.5°F) ✅ Rectal (Most Accurate): 36.6–38.0°C (97.9–100.4°F) ✅ Tympanic (Ear): 36.4–38.0°C (97.5–100.4°F) 🚨 Fever: ≥ 38.0°C (100.4°F) 🚨 Low Temperature (Hypothermia): ≤ 36.0°C (96.8°F) 2. Methods of Taking a 1-Year-Old’s Temperature A. Axillary (Underarm) – Most Common & Safe B. Tympanic (Ear) – Quick but Needs Proper Positioning C. Rectal – Most Accurate but Less Comfortable D. Oral (Mouth) – Not Recommended Until 3–4 Years Old 3. Equipment Needed 📌 Digital Thermometer (for axillary, rectal, or oral) 📌 Infrared Ear Thermometer (for tympanic) 📌 Lubricant (Petroleum Jelly) (if doing rectal) 📌 Alcohol Wipes (to clean thermometer) 4. Step-by-Step Procedure A. Axillary (Underarm) Method – Preferred for a 1-Year-Old 1️⃣ Wash hands before starting. 2️⃣ Turn on the digital thermometer. 3️⃣ Place the thermometer in the child's dry armpit. 4️⃣ Hold the child’s arm gently against their body to keep the thermometer in place. 5️⃣ Wait for the beep (usually 30–60 seconds). 6️⃣ Remove the thermometer and read the temperature. 7️⃣ Record and report the findings. ✅ Normal Axillary Temperature: 36.5–37.5°C (97.7–99.5°F) B. Tympanic (Ear) Method – If Available 1️⃣ Use a clean tympanic thermometer. 2️⃣ Gently pull the child’s ear back to straighten the ear canal. 3️⃣ Insert the thermometer tip into the ear canal. 4️⃣ Press the button and wait for the beep. 5️⃣ Remove and read the temperature. 6️⃣ Record and report the findings. ✅ Normal Tympanic Temperature: 36.4–38.0°C (97.5–100.4°F) C. Rectal Method – Most Accurate but Invasive 1️⃣ Apply a small amount of petroleum jelly to the thermometer tip. 2️⃣ Lay the child on their back and lift their legs gently. 3️⃣ Insert the thermometer tip into the rectum (½ to 1 inch) – do not force it. 4️⃣ Hold in place until it beeps. 5️⃣ Remove carefully and read the temperature. 6️⃣ Record and report the findings. ✅ Normal Rectal Temperature: 36.6–38.0°C (97.9–100.4°F) 5. Recording and Reporting Findings 📋 Write down the temperature reading, method used, and time taken. 🚨 Report if the child has a fever (≥ 38.0°C) or hypothermia (≤ 36.0°C). 6. Important Notes for TESDA NC2 Assessment ⚠️ Always clean the thermometer before and after use with alcohol wipes. ⚠️ Do NOT use oral thermometers for rectal readings and vice versa. ⚠️ Avoid the rectal method if the child has diarrhea or rectal issues.

Answer 65

1. Normal Pulse Rate for a 1-Year-Old ✅ 80–160 beats per minute (bpm) ✅ Higher when crying or active (up to 180 bpm) ✅ Lower when sleeping (as low as 75 bpm) 🚨 Bradycardia (Too Slow): Below 80 bpm 🚨 Tachycardia (Too Fast): Above 180 bpm 2. Pulse Measurement Methods for a 1-Year-Old A. Apical Pulse (Most Accurate) – Using a Stethoscope B. Brachial Pulse – Inner Upper Arm C. Radial Pulse – Wrist (Less Common for Toddlers) D. Femoral Pulse – Inner Thigh (Used in Emergencies) 3. Equipment Needed 📌 Stethoscope (for apical pulse) 📌 Watch/Timer (with seconds) 4. Step-by-Step Procedure A. Apical Pulse (Preferred & Most Accurate for Toddlers) 1️⃣ Wash hands before starting. 2️⃣ Ensure the child is calm (pulse increases with crying/movement). 3️⃣ Position the child lying down or sitting comfortably. 4️⃣ Place the stethoscope on the left side of the chest, just below the nipple. 5️⃣ Listen to the heartbeat and count for 1 full minute (each “lub-dub” = 1 beat). 6️⃣ Record the pulse rate and observe for irregularities. ✅ Normal Apical Pulse: 80–160 bpm B. Brachial Pulse (Alternative Method – No Stethoscope Needed) 1️⃣ Find the pulse on the inner side of the upper arm (midway between the shoulder and elbow). 2️⃣ Use two fingers (index and middle) to press gently. Do not use your thumb. 3️⃣ Count the beats for 1 full minute. 4️⃣ Record the pulse rate and report any abnormalities. ✅ Normal Brachial Pulse: 80–160 bpm C. Radial Pulse (Wrist) – Less Common for 1-Year-Olds 1️⃣ Locate the pulse on the inner wrist, near the base of the thumb. 2️⃣ Use two fingers to press lightly. 3️⃣ Count the beats for 1 full minute. 4️⃣ Record the pulse rate and report any abnormalities. ✅ Normal Radial Pulse: 80–160 bpm 5. Recording and Reporting Findings 📋 Write down the pulse rate, method used, and time taken. 🚨 Report if the pulse is too high (>180 bpm) or too low (<80 bpm). 6. Important Notes for TESDA NC2 Assessment ⚠️ Always count for a full minute (toddler heart rates can be irregular). ⚠️ Do NOT press too hard – a child's pulse is delicate. ⚠️ Check the child's activity level (crying or playing can raise the pulse).

Answer 66

1. Normal Respiratory Rate for a 1-Year-Old ✅ 24–40 breaths per minute ✅ May increase with activity or crying ✅ May decrease when sleeping (as low as 20 breaths per minute) 🚨 Tachypnea (Fast Breathing): Above 40 breaths per minute 🚨 Bradypnea (Slow Breathing): Below 20 breaths per minute 2. Equipment Needed 📌 Watch or Timer (with seconds) 📌 Pen and Paper (to record findings) 💡 No stethoscope is required unless listening for abnormal breath sounds. 3. Step-by-Step Procedure A. Preparing for the Respiratory Rate Measurement 1️⃣ Wash hands before starting. 2️⃣ Ensure the child is calm (crying or movement can give an inaccurate reading). 3️⃣ Position the child lying down or sitting comfortably. 4️⃣ Observe the child's chest or abdomen (toddlers are belly breathers). B. Counting the Respiratory Rate 1️⃣ Look at the child’s chest or belly – Each rise and fall = 1 breath. 2️⃣ Count the number of breaths for 1 full minute (or 30 seconds and multiply by 2). 3️⃣ Record the respiratory rate and note any irregularities. 4. Signs of Abnormal Breathing 🚨 Nasal flaring – Nostrils widen with each breath. 🚨 Chest retractions – Skin pulls in between ribs or under the ribcage. 🚨 Wheezing or grunting sounds – Indicates difficulty breathing. 🚨 Cyanosis (bluish lips or skin) – Suggests lack of oxygen. 5. Recording and Reporting Findings 📋 Write down the respiratory rate, time taken, and any observations. 🚨 Report if breathing is too fast (>40/min) or too slow (<20/min). 6. Important Notes for TESDA NC2 Assessment ⚠️ Always count for a full minute – toddler breathing can be irregular. ⚠️ Do NOT count while the child is crying – it will affect accuracy. ⚠️ If abnormal breathing is observed, seek medical help immediately.

Answer 67

1. Normal Blood Pressure Range for a 1-Year-Old ✅ Systolic (Upper number): 80–100 mmHg ✅ Diastolic (Lower number): 50–65 mmHg 🚨 Hypotension (Low BP): Below 80/50 mmHg – May indicate dehydration or shock. 🚨 Hypertension (High BP): Above 110/70 mmHg – Could be a sign of heart or kidney problems. 2. Equipment Needed 📌 Pediatric Blood Pressure Cuff (appropriate size) 📌 Manual BP Apparatus (Sphygmomanometer) or Digital BP Monitor 📌 Stethoscope (if using a manual method) 💡 Important: The BP cuff size should cover ⅔ of the child’s upper arm for accuracy. 3. Step-by-Step Procedure A. Preparing the Child for BP Measurement 1️⃣ Wash hands before starting. 2️⃣ Choose the correct limb – Right upper arm is preferred. The leg can be used if needed. 3️⃣ Ensure the child is calm – Crying or movement can cause inaccurate readings. B. Manual Blood Pressure Measurement (Sphygmomanometer & Stethoscope) 1️⃣ Wrap the pediatric BP cuff snugly around the child's upper arm. 2️⃣ Place the stethoscope over the brachial artery (inner elbow). 3️⃣ Inflate the cuff until the pulse is no longer heard (around 100 mmHg). 4️⃣ Slowly release air while listening for the first heartbeat sound (systolic BP). 5️⃣ Keep releasing air until the sound disappears (diastolic BP). 6️⃣ Record the BP reading (e.g., 90/60 mmHg). ✅ Normal BP for a 1-year-old: 80–100 / 50–65 mmHg C. Digital Blood Pressure Measurement (Automatic BP Monitor) 1️⃣ Wrap the pediatric cuff on the right upper arm. 2️⃣ Turn on the BP monitor and start the reading. 3️⃣ The device will inflate and deflate automatically. 4️⃣ Record the BP reading from the screen. 4. Recording and Reporting Findings 📋 Write down the BP reading, time, and limb used (e.g., "Right Arm: 90/60 mmHg"). 🚨 Report immediately if BP is too high (≥110/70) or too low (≤80/50). 5. Important Notes for TESDA NC2 Assessment ⚠️ Always use a pediatric-sized BP cuff – an adult cuff will give inaccurate results. ⚠️ Do not measure BP when the child is crying or moving excessively. ⚠️ If BP is abnormal, recheck in 10 minutes before reporting.

Answer 68

1. Normal Temperature Range for a 5-8 Year Old ✅ Oral (Mouth): 36.4–37.4°C (97.5–99.3°F) ✅ Axillary (Underarm): 36.5–37.5°C (97.7–99.5°F) ✅ Rectal (Most Accurate): 36.6–38.0°C (97.9–100.4°F) ✅ Tympanic (Ear): 36.4–38.0°C (97.5–100.4°F) 🚨 Fever: ≥ 38.0°C (100.4°F) 🚨 Hypothermia (Low Temperature): ≤ 36.0°C (96.8°F) 2. Methods of Taking a 5-8-Year-Old’s Temperature ✅ Oral (Mouth) – Preferred for this age group ✅ Axillary (Underarm) – If the child cannot hold the thermometer in the mouth ✅ Tympanic (Ear) – If available ✅ Rectal – Only if needed (more common for younger children) 3. Equipment Needed 📌 Digital Thermometer (for oral, axillary, or rectal) 📌 Infrared Ear Thermometer (for tympanic) 📌 Alcohol Wipes (to clean thermometer) 4. Step-by-Step Procedure A. Oral (Mouth) Method – Preferred for 5-8 Years Old 1️⃣ Wash hands before starting. 2️⃣ Ensure the child hasn’t eaten or drunk anything hot/cold for 15 minutes. 3️⃣ Turn on the digital thermometer. 4️⃣ Place the thermometer under the child’s tongue. 5️⃣ Ask the child to close their lips (not bite the thermometer). 6️⃣ Wait for the beep (usually 30–60 seconds). 7️⃣ Remove the thermometer and read the temperature. 8️⃣ Record and report the findings. ✅ Normal Oral Temperature: 36.4–37.4°C (97.5–99.3°F) B. Axillary (Underarm) Method – Alternative 1️⃣ Turn on the digital thermometer. 2️⃣ Place the thermometer in the child’s dry armpit. 3️⃣ Ask the child to keep their arm pressed against their body. 4️⃣ Wait for the beep (usually 30–60 seconds). 5️⃣ Remove the thermometer and read the temperature. 6️⃣ Record and report the findings. ✅ Normal Axillary Temperature: 36.5–37.5°C (97.7–99.5°F) C. Tympanic (Ear) Method – If Available 1️⃣ Use a clean tympanic thermometer. 2️⃣ Gently pull the child’s ear back to straighten the ear canal. 3️⃣ Insert the thermometer tip into the ear canal. 4️⃣ Press the button and wait for the beep. 5️⃣ Remove and read the temperature. 6️⃣ Record and report the findings. ✅ Normal Tympanic Temperature: 36.4–38.0°C (97.5–100.4°F) 5. Recording and Reporting Findings 📋 Write down the temperature reading, method used, and time taken. 🚨 Report if the child has a fever (≥ 38.0°C) or hypothermia (≤ 36.0°C). 6. Important Notes for TESDA NC2 Assessment ⚠️ Always clean the thermometer before and after use with alcohol wipes. ⚠️ Ensure the child stays still for an accurate reading. ⚠️ Do NOT use oral thermometers for rectal readings and vice versa.

Answer 69

1. Normal Pulse Rate for a 5 to 8-Year-Old ✅ Resting Heart Rate: 75–120 beats per minute (bpm) ✅ Higher when active (can go up to 130 bpm) ✅ Lower when sleeping (can drop to 70 bpm) 🚨 Bradycardia (Too Slow): Below 70 bpm 🚨 Tachycardia (Too Fast): Above 130 bpm 2. Pulse Measurement Sites for a 5-8-Year-Old Child ✅ Radial Pulse (Wrist) – Most Common ✅ Carotid Pulse (Neck) – If wrist pulse is hard to find ✅ Brachial Pulse (Inner Arm) – Alternative ✅ Apical Pulse (Chest) – If an irregular pulse is suspected 3. Equipment Needed 📌 Watch or Timer (with seconds) 💡 No stethoscope is needed unless checking the apical pulse. 4. Step-by-Step Procedure A. Radial Pulse (Wrist) – Preferred Method 1️⃣ Wash hands before starting. 2️⃣ Ensure the child is calm and sitting or lying down. 3️⃣ Place two fingers (index & middle) on the inside of the wrist (thumb-side). 4️⃣ Press gently but firmly to feel the pulse. 5️⃣ Count the beats for 1 full minute (or for 30 seconds and multiply by 2). 6️⃣ Record and report the pulse rate. ✅ Normal Radial Pulse: 75–120 bpm B. Carotid Pulse (Neck) – Alternative Method 1️⃣ Ask the child to sit or lie down. 2️⃣ Place two fingers on the side of the neck (just beside the windpipe). 3️⃣ Press gently (do not press both sides at the same time). 4️⃣ Count the beats for 1 full minute (or for 30 seconds and multiply by 2). 5️⃣ Record and report the pulse rate. ✅ Normal Carotid Pulse: 75–120 bpm 5. Recording and Reporting Findings 📋 Write down the pulse rate, method used, and time taken. 🚨 Report if the pulse is too high (>130 bpm) or too low (<70 bpm). 6. Important Notes for TESDA NC2 Assessment ⚠️ Always count for a full minute to detect irregular rhythms. ⚠️ Do NOT use your thumb (it has its own pulse). ⚠️ Ensure the child is relaxed before measuring for accuracy.

Answer 70

1. Normal Respiratory Rate for a 5 to 8-Year-Old ✅ Normal Range: 18–30 breaths per minute ✅ May increase with activity or stress ✅ May decrease when sleeping (as low as 15 breaths per minute) 🚨 Tachypnea (Fast Breathing): Above 30 breaths per minute 🚨 Bradypnea (Slow Breathing): Below 15 breaths per minute 2. Equipment Needed 📌 Watch or Timer (with seconds) 📌 Pen and Paper (to record findings) 💡 No stethoscope is required unless listening for abnormal breath sounds. 3. Step-by-Step Procedure A. Preparing for the Respiratory Rate Measurement 1️⃣ Wash hands before starting. 2️⃣ Ensure the child is calm (breathing can be faster after movement or crying). 3️⃣ Position the child sitting or lying comfortably. 4️⃣ Observe the child's chest or abdomen (watch for each rise and fall). B. Counting the Respiratory Rate 1️⃣ Look at the child's chest or belly – Each rise and fall = 1 breath. 2️⃣ Count the number of breaths for 1 full minute (or for 30 seconds and multiply by 2). 3️⃣ Record the respiratory rate and note any irregularities. ✅ Normal Respiratory Rate: 18–30 breaths per minute 4. Signs of Abnormal Breathing 🚨 Nasal flaring – Nostrils widen with each breath. 🚨 Chest retractions – Skin pulls in between ribs or under the ribcage. 🚨 Wheezing or grunting sounds – Indicates difficulty breathing. 🚨 Cyanosis (bluish lips or skin) – Suggests lack of oxygen. 5. Recording and Reporting Findings 📋 Write down the respiratory rate, time taken, and any observations. 🚨 Report if breathing is too fast (>30/min) or too slow (<15/min). 6. Important Notes for TESDA NC2 Assessment ⚠️ Always count for a full minute – children’s breathing can be irregular. ⚠️ Do NOT count while the child is crying or talking – it will affect accuracy. ⚠️ If abnormal breathing is observed, seek medical help immediately.

Answer 71

1. Normal Blood Pressure Range for a 5 to 8-Year-Old ✅ Systolic (Upper number): 90–110 mmHg ✅ Diastolic (Lower number): 55–75 mmHg 🚨 Hypotension (Low BP): Below 90/55 mmHg – May indicate dehydration or shock. 🚨 Hypertension (High BP): Above 115/80 mmHg – Could be a sign of heart or kidney problems. 2. Equipment Needed 📌 Pediatric Blood Pressure Cuff (Correct size for the child’s arm) 📌 Manual BP Apparatus (Sphygmomanometer) or Digital BP Monitor 📌 Stethoscope (if using a manual method) 💡 Important: The BP cuff should cover ⅔ of the upper arm for accurate readings. 3. Step-by-Step Procedure A. Preparing the Child for BP Measurement 1️⃣ Wash hands before starting. 2️⃣ Ensure the child is calm – BP can rise if they are anxious or active. 3️⃣ Have the child sit comfortably with their arm relaxed on a table at heart level. 4️⃣ Choose the correct limb – Right upper arm is preferred. B. Manual Blood Pressure Measurement (Sphygmomanometer & Stethoscope) 1️⃣ Wrap the pediatric BP cuff snugly around the child's upper arm. 2️⃣ Place the stethoscope over the brachial artery (inner elbow). 3️⃣ Inflate the cuff until the pulse is no longer heard (around 110–120 mmHg). 4️⃣ Slowly release air while listening for the first heartbeat sound (systolic BP). 5️⃣ Keep releasing air until the sound disappears (diastolic BP). 6️⃣ Record the BP reading (e.g., 100/60 mmHg). ✅ Normal BP for a 5 to 8-year-old: 90–110 / 55–75 mmHg C. Digital Blood Pressure Measurement (Automatic BP Monitor) 1️⃣ Wrap the pediatric cuff on the right upper arm. 2️⃣ Turn on the BP monitor and start the reading. 3️⃣ The device will inflate and deflate automatically. 4️⃣ Record the BP reading from the screen. ✅ Normal BP for a 5 to 8-year-old: 90–110 / 55–75 mmHg 4. Recording and Reporting Findings 📋 Write down the BP reading, method used, and time taken. 🚨 Report immediately if BP is too high (≥115/80) or too low (≤90/55). 5. Important Notes for TESDA NC2 Assessment ⚠️ Always use a pediatric-sized BP cuff – an adult cuff will give inaccurate results. ⚠️ Do not measure BP when the child is crying or moving excessively. ⚠️ If BP is abnormal, recheck in 10 minutes before reporting.

Answer 72

1. Normal Temperature Range for a 10-Year-Old Child ✅ Oral (Mouth): 36.4–37.4°C (97.5–99.3°F) ✅ Axillary (Underarm): 36.5–37.5°C (97.7–99.5°F) ✅ Rectal (Most Accurate): 36.6–38.0°C (97.9–100.4°F) ✅ Tympanic (Ear): 36.4–38.0°C (97.5–100.4°F) 🚨 Fever: ≥ 38.0°C (100.4°F) 🚨 Hypothermia (Low Temperature): ≤ 36.0°C (96.8°F) 2. Methods of Taking a 10-Year-Old’s Temperature ✅ Oral (Mouth) – Preferred Method ✅ Axillary (Underarm) – Alternative if child cannot hold the thermometer in the mouth ✅ Tympanic (Ear) – If available ✅ Rectal – Rarely used for older children 3. Equipment Needed 📌 Digital Thermometer (for oral, axillary, or rectal) 📌 Infrared Ear Thermometer (for tympanic) 📌 Alcohol Wipes (to clean thermometer) 4. Step-by-Step Procedure A. Oral (Mouth) Method – Preferred for a 10-Year-Old 1️⃣ Wash hands before starting. 2️⃣ Ensure the child hasn’t eaten or drunk anything hot/cold for 15 minutes. 3️⃣ Turn on the digital thermometer. 4️⃣ Place the thermometer under the child’s tongue. 5️⃣ Ask the child to close their lips (do not bite the thermometer). 6️⃣ Wait for the beep (usually 30–60 seconds). 7️⃣ Remove the thermometer and read the temperature. 8️⃣ Record and report the findings. ✅ Normal Oral Temperature: 36.4–37.4°C (97.5–99.3°F) B. Axillary (Underarm) Method – Alternative 1️⃣ Turn on the digital thermometer. 2️⃣ Place the thermometer in the child’s dry armpit. 3️⃣ Ask the child to keep their arm pressed against their body. 4️⃣ Wait for the beep (usually 30–60 seconds). 5️⃣ Remove the thermometer and read the temperature. 6️⃣ Record and report the findings. ✅ Normal Axillary Temperature: 36.5–37.5°C (97.7–99.5°F) C. Tympanic (Ear) Method – If Available 1️⃣ Use a clean tympanic thermometer. 2️⃣ Gently pull the child’s ear back to straighten the ear canal. 3️⃣ Insert the thermometer tip into the ear canal. 4️⃣ Press the button and wait for the beep. 5️⃣ Remove and read the temperature. 6️⃣ Record and report the findings. ✅ Normal Tympanic Temperature: 36.4–38.0°C (97.5–100.4°F) 5. Recording and Reporting Findings 📋 Write down the temperature reading, method used, and time taken. 🚨 Report if the child has a fever (≥ 38.0°C) or hypothermia (≤ 36.0°C). 6. Important Notes for TESDA NC2 Assessment ⚠️ Always clean the thermometer before and after use with alcohol wipes. ⚠️ Ensure the child stays still for an accurate reading. ⚠️ Do NOT use oral thermometers for rectal readings and vice versa.

Answer 73

1. Normal Pulse Rate for a 10-Year-Old Child ✅ Resting Heart Rate: 70–110 beats per minute (bpm) ✅ Higher when active (can go up to 120–130 bpm) ✅ Lower when sleeping (can drop to 60–70 bpm) 🚨 Bradycardia (Too Slow): Below 60 bpm 🚨 Tachycardia (Too Fast): Above 130 bpm 2. Pulse Measurement Sites for a 10-Year-Old Child ✅ Radial Pulse (Wrist) – Most Common ✅ Carotid Pulse (Neck) – Alternative if wrist pulse is weak ✅ Brachial Pulse (Inner Arm) – Less commonly used ✅ Apical Pulse (Chest) – If pulse is irregular (requires a stethoscope) 3. Equipment Needed 📌 Watch or Timer (with seconds) 💡 No stethoscope is needed unless checking the apical pulse. 4. Step-by-Step Procedure A. Radial Pulse (Wrist) – Preferred Method 1️⃣ Wash hands before starting. 2️⃣ Ensure the child is calm and relaxed (sitting or lying down). 3️⃣ Place two fingers (index & middle) on the inside of the wrist (thumb-side). 4️⃣ Press gently but firmly to feel the pulse. 5️⃣ Count the beats for 1 full minute (or for 30 seconds and multiply by 2). 6️⃣ Record and report the pulse rate. ✅ Normal Radial Pulse: 70–110 bpm B. Carotid Pulse (Neck) – Alternative Method 1️⃣ Ask the child to sit or lie down. 2️⃣ Place two fingers on the side of the neck (beside the windpipe). 3️⃣ Press gently (do not press both sides at the same time). 4️⃣ Count the beats for 1 full minute (or for 30 seconds and multiply by 2). 5️⃣ Record and report the pulse rate. ✅ Normal Carotid Pulse: 70–110 bpm 5. Recording and Reporting Findings 📋 Write down the pulse rate, method used, and time taken. 🚨 Report if the pulse is too high (>130 bpm) or too low (<60 bpm). 6. Important Notes for TESDA NC2 Assessment ⚠️ Always count for a full minute to detect irregular rhythms. ⚠️ Do NOT use your thumb (it has its own pulse). ⚠️ Ensure the child is relaxed before measuring for accuracy.

Answer 74

1. Normal Respiratory Rate for a 10-Year-Old Child ✅ Normal Range: 16–22 breaths per minute ✅ May increase with activity or stress ✅ May decrease when sleeping (as low as 12 breaths per minute) 🚨 Tachypnea (Fast Breathing): Above 25 breaths per minute 🚨 Bradypnea (Slow Breathing): Below 12 breaths per minute 2. Equipment Needed 📌 Watch or Timer (with seconds) 📌 Pen and Paper (to record findings) 💡 No stethoscope is required unless listening for abnormal breath sounds. 3. Step-by-Step Procedure A. Preparing for the Respiratory Rate Measurement 1️⃣ Wash hands before starting. 2️⃣ Ensure the child is calm and at rest (breathing can be faster after movement or crying). 3️⃣ Position the child sitting or lying comfortably. 4️⃣ Observe the child's chest or abdomen (watch for each rise and fall). B. Counting the Respiratory Rate 1️⃣ Look at the child's chest or belly – Each rise and fall = 1 breath. 2️⃣ Count the number of breaths for 1 full minute (or for 30 seconds and multiply by 2). 3️⃣ Record the respiratory rate and note any irregularities. ✅ Normal Respiratory Rate: 16–22 breaths per minute 4. Signs of Abnormal Breathing 🚨 Nasal flaring – Nostrils widen with each breath. 🚨 Chest retractions – Skin pulls in between ribs or under the ribcage. 🚨 Wheezing or grunting sounds – Indicates difficulty breathing. 🚨 Cyanosis (bluish lips or skin) – Suggests lack of oxygen. 5. Recording and Reporting Findings 📋 Write down the respiratory rate, time taken, and any observations. 🚨 Report if breathing is too fast (>25/min) or too slow (<12/min). 6. Important Notes for TESDA NC2 Assessment ⚠️ Always count for a full minute – children’s breathing can be irregular. ⚠️ Do NOT count while the child is talking or moving – it will affect accuracy. ⚠️ If abnormal breathing is observed, seek medical help immediately.

Answer 75

1. Normal Blood Pressure Range for a 10-Year-Old Child ✅ Systolic (Upper number): 90–120 mmHg ✅ Diastolic (Lower number): 60–80 mmHg 🚨 Hypotension (Low BP): Below 90/60 mmHg – May indicate dehydration or shock. 🚨 Hypertension (High BP): Above 120/80 mmHg – Could be a sign of heart or kidney problems. 2. Equipment Needed 📌 Pediatric or Small Adult Blood Pressure Cuff (Correct size for the child’s arm) 📌 Manual BP Apparatus (Sphygmomanometer) or Digital BP Monitor 📌 Stethoscope (if using a manual method) 💡 Important: The BP cuff should cover ⅔ of the upper arm for an accurate reading. 3. Step-by-Step Procedure A. Preparing the Child for BP Measurement 1️⃣ Wash hands before starting. 2️⃣ Ensure the child is calm and seated quietly (BP can rise with stress or movement). 3️⃣ Have the child sit comfortably with their back supported and feet flat on the floor. 4️⃣ Position the child’s arm at heart level (resting on a table or armrest). 5️⃣ Choose the correct limb – Right upper arm is preferred. B. Manual Blood Pressure Measurement (Sphygmomanometer & Stethoscope) 1️⃣ Wrap the BP cuff snugly around the child’s upper arm (1 inch above the elbow). 2️⃣ Place the stethoscope over the brachial artery (inner elbow crease). 3️⃣ Inflate the cuff until the pulse is no longer heard (around 120–130 mmHg). 4️⃣ Slowly release air while listening for the first heartbeat sound (systolic BP). 5️⃣ Keep releasing air until the sound disappears (diastolic BP). 6️⃣ Record the BP reading (e.g., 110/70 mmHg). ✅ Normal BP for a 10-year-old: 90–120 / 60–80 mmHg C. Digital Blood Pressure Measurement (Automatic BP Monitor) 1️⃣ Wrap the pediatric or small adult cuff on the right upper arm. 2️⃣ Turn on the BP monitor and start the reading. 3️⃣ The device will inflate and deflate automatically. 4️⃣ Record the BP reading from the screen. ✅ Normal BP for a 10-year-old: 90–120 / 60–80 mmHg 4. Recording and Reporting Findings 📋 Write down the BP reading, method used, and time taken. 🚨 Report immediately if BP is too high (≥ 120/80) or too low (≤ 90/60). 5. Important Notes for TESDA NC2 Assessment ⚠️ Always use a pediatric or small adult-sized BP cuff – an adult cuff will give inaccurate results. ⚠️ Do NOT measure BP when the child is anxious, moving, or has been active (wait at least 5 minutes). ⚠️ If BP is abnormal, recheck in 10 minutes before reporting.

Answer 76

. Prepare for the Procedure ✔ Wear proper PPE (gloves, if necessary). ✔ Gather materials: Digital or Mercury Thermometer Alcohol Swabs or Disinfectant Tissue or Clean Cloth Recording Sheet or Logbook ✔ Ensure the environment is clean and quiet. 2. Explain and Get Consent Introduce yourself and explain the procedure to the teenager. Ask if they have eaten, drank, or smoked in the last 15 minutes (for oral temperature). Get verbal consent before proceeding. 3. Select the Appropriate Method You can measure the temperature using three main methods: A. Oral (Most Common) Sanitize the thermometer using alcohol. Ask the teenager to place it under their tongue and close their lips. Wait for the beep (digital) or 3-5 minutes (mercury). Remove, read the temperature, and record it. Clean and disinfect the thermometer. B. Axillary (Underarm) Ensure the underarm is dry. Place the thermometer in the center of the armpit. Ask the teenager to hold their arm down. Wait for the beep (digital) or 3-5 minutes (mercury). Remove, read the temperature, and record it. C. Tympanic (Ear) – If Infrared Thermometer is Available Check that the ear is clean and free of wax. Gently pull the ear back and up for accurate placement. Insert the probe into the ear canal and press the button. Read and record the temperature. 4. Interpret the Temperature Reading Temperature (°C) Condition 36.5°C - 37.5°C Normal 37.6°C - 38.4°C Mild Fever 38.5°C and above High Fever Below 35.0°C Hypothermia If the temperature is abnormal, report to the supervisor. 5. Record and Clean Up ✔ Record the reading on the log sheet. ✔ Disinfect the thermometer with 70% alcohol. ✔ Dispose of used materials properly. ✔ Remove gloves (if worn) and wash hands.

Answer 77

1. Prepare for the Procedure ✔ Wear proper PPE (gloves if necessary). ✔ Gather materials: Watch or Timer (with a second hand) Recording Sheet or Logbook ✔ Ensure the environment is quiet and comfortable. 2. Explain the Procedure and Get Consent Introduce yourself and explain the procedure. Inform the teenager that you will be measuring their pulse rate (heartbeats per minute). Ask them to sit or lie down comfortably and to stay still during the procedure. Get verbal consent before proceeding. 3. Locate the Pulse There are two common sites for checking the pulse: A. Radial Pulse (Wrist) - Most Common Ask the teenager to relax their arm with the palm facing upward. Use your index and middle fingers (not the thumb) to gently press on the radial artery (inside of the wrist, just below the thumb). Apply light pressure—enough to feel the pulse but not restrict it. B. Carotid Pulse (Neck) - If Wrist Pulse is Weak Ask the teenager to sit or lie down. Place your index and middle fingers gently on the side of the neck, just beside the windpipe. Do not press too hard, as it can affect circulation. 4. Measure the Pulse Rate Use a timer and count the beats for 60 seconds (or for 30 seconds and multiply by 2). Observe strength (strong or weak) and rhythm (regular or irregular). 5. Interpret the Pulse Rate Age Group Normal Pulse Rate (beats per minute - bpm) Teenager (13-19 years old) 60 - 100 bpm Below 60 bpm Bradycardia (Slow Heart Rate) Above 100 bpm Tachycardia (Fast Heart Rate) If abnormal, repeat the measurement and report to the supervisor if needed. 6. Record and Clean Up ✔ Record the pulse rate in the log sheet. ✔ Thank the teenager for their cooperation. ✔ Wash hands and disinfect equipment if needed.

Answer 78

1. Prepare for the Procedure ✔ Wear proper PPE (gloves if necessary). ✔ Gather materials: Watch or Timer (with a second hand) Recording Sheet or Logbook ✔ Ensure the environment is quiet and the teenager is comfortable. 2. Explain the Procedure and Get Consent Introduce yourself and explain the procedure. Let the teenager know that you will be measuring their breathing rate (respirations per minute). Ask them to sit or lie down in a relaxed position. Get verbal consent before proceeding. 3. Observe the Respiratory Rate Do not tell the teenager you are counting their breaths, as they may unintentionally change their breathing pattern. Instead, pretend to check the pulse while subtly observing the rise and fall of their chest or abdomen. Count one full breath when the chest rises and falls once. 4. Measure the Respiratory Rate Use a timer and count the breaths for 60 seconds (or for 30 seconds and multiply by 2). Observe for breathing depth (normal, shallow, or deep) and rhythm (regular or irregular). 5. Interpret the Respiratory Rate Age Group Normal Respiratory Rate (breaths per minute - bpm) Teenager (13-19 years old) 12 - 20 bpm Below 12 bpm Bradypnea (Slow Breathing) Above 20 bpm Tachypnea (Fast Breathing) If abnormal, repeat the measurement and report to the supervisor if needed. 6. Record and Clean Up ✔ Record the respiratory rate in the log sheet. ✔ Thank the teenager for their cooperation. ✔ Wash hands and disinfect any used equipment if necessary.

Answer 79

1. Prepare for the Procedure ✔ Wear proper PPE (gloves if necessary). ✔ Gather materials: Sphygmomanometer (manual or digital BP monitor) Stethoscope (for manual BP reading) Recording Sheet or Logbook ✔ Ensure the environment is quiet and comfortable. 2. Explain the Procedure and Get Consent Introduce yourself and explain the procedure. Inform the teenager that you will be measuring their blood pressure. Ask if they have consumed caffeine, smoked, or exercised in the last 30 minutes, as this may affect results. Get verbal consent before proceeding. 3. Position the Teenager Properly ✔ Ensure they are sitting or lying down in a relaxed position. ✔ Their arm should be at heart level, supported on a table or armrest. ✔ Ask them to relax, avoid talking, and not move during the procedure. 4. Apply the Blood Pressure Cuff Choose the correct cuff size (not too tight or too loose). Wrap the cuff around the upper arm, about 2.5 cm (1 inch) above the elbow crease. The cuff’s artery marker should align with the brachial artery (inside of the elbow). 5. Measure the Blood Pressure A. Using a Manual Sphygmomanometer & Stethoscope Locate the brachial artery by feeling for a pulse inside the elbow. Place the stethoscope diaphragm over the artery (do not place it under the cuff). Inflate the cuff to about 30 mmHg above the expected systolic pressure (usually around 120 mmHg). Slowly deflate the cuff (2-3 mmHg per second) while listening for heartbeats. Note the first sound (systolic pressure) and the last sound before it disappears (diastolic pressure). B. Using a Digital Blood Pressure Monitor Ensure the teenager is relaxed and still. Press the start button and wait for the reading. Record the systolic and diastolic pressure as displayed on the screen. 6. Interpret the Blood Pressure Reading Blood Pressure Category Systolic (mmHg) Diastolic (mmHg) Normal BP <120 <80 Elevated BP 120-129 <80 Hypertension Stage 1 130-139 80-89 Hypertension Stage 2 140+ 90+ Hypotension (Low BP) <90 <60 If abnormal, repeat the measurement after 5 minutes and report to the supervisor if needed. 7. Record and Clean Up ✔ Record the blood pressure reading in the log sheet. ✔ Thank the teenager for their cooperation. ✔ Remove gloves (if worn), disinfect the cuff and stethoscope, and wash hands.

Answer 80

1. Prepare for the Procedure ✔ Wear proper PPE (gloves if necessary). ✔ Gather materials: Digital or Mercury Thermometer Alcohol Swabs or Disinfectant Tissue or Clean Cloth Recording Sheet or Logbook ✔ Ensure the environment is clean and quiet. 2. Explain the Procedure and Get Consent Introduce yourself and explain the procedure. Ask if the adult has eaten, drank, or smoked in the last 15 minutes (for oral temperature). Get verbal consent before proceeding. 3. Select the Appropriate Method You can measure the temperature using three main methods: A. Oral (Most Common) Sanitize the thermometer with alcohol. Ask the adult to place it under their tongue and close their lips. Wait for the beep (digital) or 3-5 minutes (mercury). Remove, read the temperature, and record it. Clean and disinfect the thermometer. B. Axillary (Underarm) - If Oral is Not Possible Ensure the underarm is dry. Place the thermometer in the center of the armpit. Ask the adult to hold their arm down. Wait for the beep (digital) or 3-5 minutes (mercury). Remove, read the temperature, and record it. C. Tympanic (Ear) – If Infrared Thermometer is Available Check that the ear is clean and free of wax. Gently pull the ear back and up for accurate placement. Insert the probe into the ear canal and press the button. Read and record the temperature. 4. Interpret the Temperature Reading Temperature (°C) Condition 36.5°C - 37.5°C Normal 37.6°C - 38.4°C Mild Fever 38.5°C and above High Fever Below 35.0°C Hypothermia If abnormal, repeat the measurement and report to the supervisor if needed. 5. Record and Clean Up ✔ Record the reading in the log sheet. ✔ Disinfect the thermometer with 70% alcohol. ✔ Dispose of used materials properly. ✔ Remove gloves (if worn) and wash hands.

Answer 81

1. Prepare for the Procedure ✔ Wear proper PPE (gloves if necessary). ✔ Gather materials: Watch or Timer (with a second hand) Recording Sheet or Logbook ✔ Ensure the environment is quiet and the adult is comfortable. 2. Explain the Procedure and Get Consent Introduce yourself and explain the procedure. Inform the adult that you will be measuring their pulse rate (heartbeats per minute). Ask them to sit or lie down comfortably and to stay still during the procedure. Get verbal consent before proceeding. 3. Locate the Pulse There are two common sites for checking the pulse: A. Radial Pulse (Wrist) - Most Common Ask the adult to relax their arm with the palm facing upward. Use your index and middle fingers (not the thumb) to gently press on the radial artery (inside of the wrist, just below the thumb). Apply light pressure—enough to feel the pulse but not restrict it. B. Carotid Pulse (Neck) - If Wrist Pulse is Weak Ask the adult to sit or lie down. Place your index and middle fingers gently on the side of the neck, just beside the windpipe. Do not press too hard, as it can affect circulation. 4. Measure the Pulse Rate Use a timer and count the beats for 60 seconds (or for 30 seconds and multiply by 2). Observe strength (strong or weak) and rhythm (regular or irregular). 5. Interpret the Pulse Rate Age Group Normal Pulse Rate (beats per minute - bpm) Adult (18+ years old) 60 - 100 bpm Below 60 bpm Bradycardia (Slow Heart Rate) Above 100 bpm Tachycardia (Fast Heart Rate) If abnormal, repeat the measurement and report to the supervisor if needed. 6. Record and Clean Up ✔ Record the pulse rate in the log sheet. ✔ Thank the adult for their cooperation. ✔ Wash hands and disinfect equipment if needed.

Answer 82

1. Prepare for the Procedure ✔ Wear proper PPE (gloves if necessary). ✔ Gather materials: Watch or Timer (with a second hand) Recording Sheet or Logbook ✔ Ensure the environment is quiet and the adult is comfortable. 2. Explain the Procedure and Get Consent Introduce yourself and explain the procedure. Inform the adult that you will be measuring their breathing rate (respirations per minute). Ask them to sit or lie down in a relaxed position. Get verbal consent before proceeding. 3. Observe the Respiratory Rate Do not tell the adult you are counting their breaths, as they may unintentionally change their breathing pattern. Instead, pretend to check the pulse while subtly observing the rise and fall of their chest or abdomen. Count one full breath when the chest rises and falls once. 4. Measure the Respiratory Rate Use a timer and count the breaths for 60 seconds (or for 30 seconds and multiply by 2). Observe for breathing depth (normal, shallow, or deep) and rhythm (regular or irregular). 5. Interpret the Respiratory Rate Age Group Normal Respiratory Rate (breaths per minute - bpm) Adult (18+ years old) 12 - 20 bpm Below 12 bpm Bradypnea (Slow Breathing) Above 20 bpm Tachypnea (Fast Breathing) If abnormal, repeat the measurement and report to the supervisor if needed. 6. Record and Clean Up ✔ Record the respiratory rate in the log sheet. ✔ Thank the adult for their cooperation. ✔ Wash hands and disinfect any used equipment if necessary.

Answer 83

1. Prepare for the Procedure ✔ Wear proper PPE (gloves if necessary). ✔ Gather materials: Sphygmomanometer (manual or digital BP monitor) Stethoscope (for manual BP reading) Recording Sheet or Logbook ✔ Ensure the environment is quiet and comfortable. 2. Explain the Procedure and Get Consent Introduce yourself and explain the procedure. Inform the adult that you will be measuring their blood pressure. Ask if they have consumed caffeine, smoked, or exercised in the last 30 minutes, as this may affect results. Get verbal consent before proceeding. 3. Position the Adult Properly ✔ Ensure they are sitting or lying down in a relaxed position. ✔ Their arm should be at heart level, supported on a table or armrest. ✔ Ask them to relax, avoid talking, and not move during the procedure. 4. Apply the Blood Pressure Cuff Choose the correct cuff size (not too tight or too loose). Wrap the cuff around the upper arm, about 2.5 cm (1 inch) above the elbow crease. The cuff’s artery marker should align with the brachial artery (inside of the elbow). 5. Measure the Blood Pressure A. Using a Manual Sphygmomanometer & Stethoscope Locate the brachial artery by feeling for a pulse inside the elbow. Place the stethoscope diaphragm over the artery (do not place it under the cuff). Inflate the cuff to about 30 mmHg above the expected systolic pressure (usually around 120 mmHg). Slowly deflate the cuff (2-3 mmHg per second) while listening for heartbeats. Note the first sound (systolic pressure) and the last sound before it disappears (diastolic pressure). B. Using a Digital Blood Pressure Monitor Ensure the adult is relaxed and still. Press the start button and wait for the reading. Record the systolic and diastolic pressure as displayed on the screen. 6. Interpret the Blood Pressure Reading Blood Pressure Category Systolic (mmHg) Diastolic (mmHg) Normal BP <120 <80 Elevated BP 120-129 <80 Hypertension Stage 1 130-139 80-89 Hypertension Stage 2 140+ 90+ Hypotension (Low BP) <90 <60 If abnormal, repeat the measurement after 5 minutes and report to the supervisor if needed. 7. Record and Clean Up ✔ Record the blood pressure reading in the log sheet. ✔ Thank the adult for their cooperation. ✔ Remove gloves (if worn), disinfect the cuff and stethoscope, and wash hands.

Answer 84

1. Prepare for the Procedure ✔ Wear proper PPE (gloves if necessary). ✔ Gather materials: Thermometer (digital, infrared, or mercury-based) Alcohol and cotton balls (for thermometer cleaning, if needed) Recording Sheet or Logbook ✔ Ensure the environment is quiet and comfortable for the older adult. 2. Explain the Procedure and Get Consent Introduce yourself and explain the procedure. Inform the older adult that you will be measuring their body temperature. Ask if they have had hot or cold drinks, smoked, or exercised in the last 15-30 minutes (this can affect results). Get verbal consent before proceeding. 3. Select the Temperature Measurement Method There are several ways to measure temperature. Choose the most appropriate method based on the situation: A. Oral (Mouth) - Most Common for Adults Ensure the older adult has not eaten, drunk, or smoked in the last 15-30 minutes. Place the thermometer tip under the tongue and ask them to close their lips around it. Wait for the beep (if digital) or read the mercury thermometer after 3 minutes. Record the temperature. B. Axillary (Armpit) - If Oral is Not Possible Dry the armpit with a clean tissue. Place the thermometer under the armpit, making sure it touches the skin directly. Ask the older adult to keep their arm pressed against their body. Wait for the beep (if digital) or read the mercury thermometer after 3-5 minutes. Record the temperature. C. Tympanic (Ear) - Common in Clinics Use an ear (tympanic) thermometer and place the tip gently into the ear canal. Press the button to get an instant reading. Record the temperature. D. Temporal (Forehead) - Fast and Non-Invasive Use an infrared forehead thermometer and place it about 1-2 cm away from the forehead. Press the button and wait for the reading. Record the temperature. 4. Interpret the Temperature Reading Temperature Range Interpretation 36.5°C - 37.5°C (97.7°F - 99.5°F) Normal Body Temperature Above 37.5°C (99.5°F) Fever (Pyrexia) Above 39°C (102.2°F) High Fever Below 35°C (95°F) Hypothermia (Low Body Temperature) If abnormal, repeat the measurement after a few minutes and report to the supervisor if needed. 5. Record and Clean Up ✔ Record the temperature reading in the log sheet. ✔ Thank the older adult for their cooperation. ✔ Clean the thermometer with alcohol and cotton before storing it. ✔ Wash hands and remove gloves (if worn).

Answer 85

1. Prepare for the Procedure ✔ Wear proper PPE (gloves if necessary). ✔ Gather materials: Watch or Timer (with a second hand) Recording Sheet or Logbook ✔ Ensure the environment is quiet and the older adult is comfortable. 2. Explain the Procedure and Get Consent Introduce yourself and explain the procedure. Inform the older adult that you will be measuring their pulse rate (heartbeats per minute). Ask them to sit or lie down in a relaxed position. Get verbal consent before proceeding. 3. Locate the Pulse Site You can measure pulse in different locations, but the most commonly used sites are: ✔ Radial Pulse (Wrist) – Most Common for Adults ✔ Carotid Pulse (Neck) – If Radial Pulse is Weak To locate the radial pulse: Ask the older adult to relax their arm with the palm facing up. Place two fingers (index and middle fingers) lightly on the radial artery (inside of the wrist, near the thumb). Do not use your thumb (it has its own pulse). To locate the carotid pulse (if needed): Place two fingers on the side of the neck, just below the jawline. Press lightly until you feel the heartbeat. 4. Measure the Pulse Rate ✔ Use a watch or timer with a second hand. ✔ Count the number of beats for: 60 seconds (for accuracy) OR 30 seconds and multiply by 2. ✔ Observe for: Pulse rate (beats per minute - bpm) Rhythm (regular or irregular) Strength (strong, weak, or thready) 5. Interpret the Pulse Rate Age Group Normal Pulse Rate (beats per minute - bpm) Older Adult (60+ years old) 60 - 100 bpm Below 60 bpm Bradycardia (Slow Heart Rate) Above 100 bpm Tachycardia (Fast Heart Rate) If abnormal, repeat the measurement and report to the supervisor if needed. 6. Record and Clean Up ✔ Record the pulse rate in the log sheet. ✔ Thank the older adult for their cooperation. ✔ Wash hands and remove gloves (if worn).

Answer 86

1. Prepare for the Procedure ✔ Wear proper PPE (gloves if necessary). ✔ Gather materials: Watch or Timer (with a second hand) Recording Sheet or Logbook ✔ Ensure the environment is quiet and the older adult is comfortable. 2. Explain the Procedure and Get Consent Introduce yourself and explain the procedure. Inform the older adult that you will be observing their breathing rate (respirations per minute). Ask them to sit or lie down comfortably and to breathe normally. Get verbal consent before proceeding. 3. Observe the Respiratory Rate Do not tell the older adult you are counting their breaths, as they may unintentionally change their breathing pattern. Instead, pretend to check the pulse while subtly observing the rise and fall of their chest or abdomen. Each full breath consists of one rise and fall of the chest. 4. Measure the Respiratory Rate ✔ Use a timer and count the number of breaths for 60 seconds (or for 30 seconds and multiply by 2). ✔ Observe for: Breathing depth (normal, shallow, or deep). Breathing rhythm (regular or irregular). Any signs of difficulty in breathing (labored, noisy, wheezing, etc.). 5. Interpret the Respiratory Rate Age Group Normal Respiratory Rate (breaths per minute - bpm) Older Adult (60+ years old) 12 - 20 bpm Below 12 bpm Bradypnea (Slow Breathing) Above 20 bpm Tachypnea (Fast Breathing) If abnormal, repeat the measurement after a few minutes and report to the supervisor if needed. 6. Record and Clean Up ✔ Record the respiratory rate in the log sheet. ✔ Thank the older adult for their cooperation. ✔ Wash hands and disinfect any used equipment if necessary.

Answer 87

1. Prepare for the Procedure ✔ Wear proper PPE (gloves if necessary). ✔ Gather materials: Sphygmomanometer (Manual or Digital Blood Pressure Monitor) Stethoscope (for manual BP measurement) Recording Sheet or Logbook ✔ Ensure the environment is quiet and the older adult is comfortable. 2. Explain the Procedure and Get Consent Introduce yourself and explain the procedure. Inform the older adult that you will be checking their blood pressure to assess their heart health. Ask them to: ✔ Sit or lie down in a comfortable position. ✔ Relax for at least 5 minutes before the measurement. ✔ Avoid talking, crossing their legs, or moving during the reading. Get verbal consent before proceeding. 3. Position the Older Adult Properly ✔ Have them sit in a comfortable chair with their back supported. ✔ Ensure their arm is resting at heart level (on a table or armrest). ✔ Ask them to roll up their sleeve (if needed). ✔ Their feet should be flat on the floor, and they should not cross their legs. 4. Measure the Blood Pressure A. Using a Manual Sphygmomanometer & Stethoscope Wrap the cuff around the upper arm, about 2.5 cm (1 inch) above the elbow. Place the stethoscope diaphragm over the brachial artery (inside of the elbow). Inflate the cuff to 180-200 mmHg or 30 mmHg above the expected systolic BP. Slowly release air at a rate of 2-3 mmHg per second while listening through the stethoscope. Note the first sound (systolic BP) and the last sound (diastolic BP). Deflate the cuff completely and remove it from the arm. Record the blood pressure reading. B. Using a Digital Blood Pressure Monitor Wrap the cuff around the upper arm, about 2.5 cm (1 inch) above the elbow. Ensure the arm is relaxed and at heart level. Press the start button, and let the machine take the reading automatically. Wait for the device to display the systolic and diastolic pressure. Record the blood pressure reading. 5. Interpret the Blood Pressure Reading Blood Pressure Category Systolic (mmHg) Diastolic (mmHg) Normal Less than 120 Less than 80 Elevated 120-129 Less than 80 Hypertension Stage 1 130-139 80-89 Hypertension Stage 2 140 or higher 90 or higher Hypertensive Crisis (Seek medical help) Higher than 180 Higher than 120 If the blood pressure is too high or too low, repeat the measurement after a few minutes and report to the supervisor if necessary. 6. Record and Clean Up ✔ Record the blood pressure reading in the log sheet. ✔ Thank the older adult for their cooperation. ✔ Clean the BP cuff and stethoscope if used. ✔ Wash hands and remove gloves (if worn).