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NBCOT AOTA PDF QUIZZEs > NDD-Parkinson's Disease > Flashcards

NDD-Parkinson's Disease Flashcards

1
Q

T or F: Parkinson’s disease affects the younger population.

A

False, it occurs most frequently in later adulthood, with a mean onset age of 55-60 years

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2
Q

What is the basal ganglia?

A

The gray matter that contributes to complex movements

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3
Q

Where do major degenerative changes occur for patients with PD?

A

basal ganglia

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4
Q

When the substantia nigra becomes depigmented it affects the production of what neurotransmitter?

A

dopamine

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5
Q

What does dopamine influence?

A

The speed and accuracy of motor skills, postural stability, cognition, and affect and expression.

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6
Q

T or F: The loss or reduction of dopamine leads to the disabling symptoms

A

True

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7
Q

T or F: The exact cause of PD is unknown

A

True, it has been attributed to both heredity and environment. 50% of people with PD have a relative who is also affected, which may indicate a genetic factor.

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8
Q

What is secondary parkinsonism?

A

A condition in which people experience symptoms similar to those of PD, but the cause is related to the ingestion of drugs or other toxic chemicals.

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9
Q

What are the primary symptoms of PD?

A

resting tremor, muscle rigidity, bradykinesia and postural instability

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10
Q

Which primary symptom is a typical early sign of PD, which affects one side and is described as a “pill-rolling” movement of the hand?

A

resting tremor

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11
Q

T or F: Tone is increased, adversely affecting movement in individuals with PD.

A

True

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12
Q

What are cogwheel motions?

A

Jerky, sometimes painful movements with joint mobility, most commonly in the UE.

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13
Q

T or F: Fatigue becomes a barrier to occupational performance because of increased effort to produce voluntary movement.

A

True

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14
Q

What is known as extreme slowness observed when initiating or performing volitional movements?

A

bradykinesia

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15
Q

What are some examples of bradykinesia?

A

shuffling gait, difficulty moving from sitting to standing, freezing and increased time required for fine motor tasks such as shaving or fastening clothes

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16
Q

How do individuals with PD present with posture?

A

Posture is stooped, with a lack of arm swing during mobility and loss of postural reflexes

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17
Q

T or F: Fall risk is increased with patients with PD, especially when balance is challenged.

A

True

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18
Q

What should you do to address rigidity and associated pain in patients with PD?

A

Use moist heat, stretching and gentle ROM

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19
Q

T or F: it’s easy to see when patients with PD are experiencing pain.

A

False; their masklike facial expression make it imperative to diligently monitor pain during all exercises and stretching

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20
Q

What splints could you use for clients with PD who have contractures?

A

An antispasticity splint, dynamic or static progressive splint

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21
Q

What can splints help with in patients with PD with contractures?

A

Gives the patient a low intensity stretch against the contraction of the antagonist muscles

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22
Q

T or F: colder temperatures help decrease muscle stiffness

A

False, cold temperatures increase muscle stiffness

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23
Q

T or F: its not beneficial for a client with PD to have a sedentary job that requires minimal communication

A

False; that kind of job is a better fit for them. Jobs to be avoided are those that require extensive gross motor movements, such as walking, reaching or bending (because of balance and gait deficits) and entail high stress levels.

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24
Q

T or F: it is best to work on self care activities farther away from the body

A

False; it’s better to do it as close to the body as possible and when appropriate support the upper extremity

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25
Q

What is a good way to improve nonverbal communication in patients with PD?

A

Use a mirror to increase the clients awareness of facial expression

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26
Q

A secondary symptom of PD that may occur in some clients known as the inability to initiate or continue movement is known as what?

A

Freezing

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27
Q

T or F: Clients with PD may undershoot targets as it is a secondary symptom of PD

A

False, they overshoot - such as taking five or six small steps past the goal

28
Q

In later stages of PD, what cognitive deficit may occur as a secondary symptom in some clients?

A

dementia

29
Q

What are some cognitive deficits that are secondary symptoms for clients with PD?

A

impaired executive functioning, memory loss and visuospatial deficits.

30
Q

T or F: Clients with PD may experience only verbal, not written, communication difficulties.

A

False, they can be verbal, nonverbal and/or written difficulties

31
Q

What is known as smaller and smaller handwriting?

A

micrographia

32
Q

what is known as hypophonia?

A

reduced volume of speech

33
Q

What are some communication difficulties a client with PD may have?

A

micrographia, hypophonia, muffled speech, lack of verbal inflection and reduced facial expression or flat affect (infrequent eye blinking) affecting nonverbal communication.

34
Q

T or F: Clients with PD may experience some sensory loss including bowel and bladder as well as sexual dysfunction.

A

True

35
Q

What causes an increase in saliva and subsequent drooling, slower and more intentional eating and episodes of coughing and choking in patients with PD?

A

dysphagia

36
Q

What are some mood and behavior disturbances associated with patients with PD?

A

depression, apathy, lack of initiative, disinterest, social isolation and withdrawal.

37
Q

PD is confirmed with a..

A

autopsy

38
Q

what are some tests that can be run to eliminate the diagnosis of other neurological causes?

A

CAT scan, MRI, electroencephalography

39
Q

T or F: Symptoms of PD may take years to develop but they may gradually experience a loss of function and increasing disability.

A

True

40
Q

T or F: There is no cure for PD

A

True

41
Q

T or F: Disease progression is not always linear; functioning may fluctuate and even show occasional improvement.

A

True

42
Q

T or F: Life expectancy is affected in clients with PD

A

False, it is rarely affected as a result in medical advances

43
Q

How many stages are there for PD?

A

Five

44
Q

Which stage of PD is described as total dependence for mobility and ADLs?

A

stage 5

45
Q

Which stage of PD is described as a decrease in postural stability, decrease in function, impaired mobility, need for assistance with ADLs, poor fine motor and dexterity?

A

stage 4

46
Q

Which stage of PD is when unilateral symptoms show, typically a resting tremor, with no or minimal loss of function?

A

stage 1

47
Q

Which stage of PD is when impaired balance occurs secondary to postural instability resulting in mild to moderate impairments in function?

A

stage 3

48
Q

Which stage is when bilateral symptoms show, balance is not affected, although problems develop with trunk mobility and postural reflexes?

A

stage 2

49
Q

What are some surgical options available to clients with PD if medications do not help control symptoms?

A

Thalamotomy, pallidotomy, deep brain stimulation and tissue implantation

50
Q

What surgical option involves the application of heat via an electrode or y-knife radiosurgery to destroy part of the thalamus, which contributes to movement, to reduce tremors?

A

thalamotomy

51
Q

How long do the effects of thalamotomy last?

A

more than 10 years

52
Q

What surgical option involves the application of heat via an electrode or y-knife radiosurgery to destroy part of the globus pallidus, which contributes to movement, to reduce tremors, shuffling gait, flat affect, rigidity and bradykinesia?

A

Pallidotomy

53
Q

How long do the effects of pallidotomy last?

A

about 5 years

54
Q

What surgical option involves the delivery of electrical impulses to areas of the brain through an implanted device similar to a pacemaker to reduce tremors? (The electrode is tunneled under the skin to an external switch that the person with PD can turn off or on).

A

Deep brain stimulation

55
Q

How often does the generator for deep brain stimulation have to be replaced?

A

3-5 years

56
Q

What is a new, controversial procedure that uses dopamine-producing fetal brain tissue or fetal pig tissue?

A

tissue implantation

57
Q

T or F: Clients with PD may experience disrupted sleep patterns.

A

True

58
Q

T or F: Clients with PD may experience social isolation, impaired relationships and sexual dysfunction because of rigidity, fatigue, depression or other psychosocial issues.

A

True

59
Q

T or F: Clients with PD may experience fluctuating energy levels during the day.

A

True

60
Q

T or F: OT intervention for clients with PD should include energy conservation and pacing, including prioritizing and planning important activities around medication times to ensure participation when medications are most effective.

A

True

61
Q

What are some strategies you can provide to a client with PD to help manage freezing?

A

Avoiding crowds, tight spaces, and turns or corners, reducing distractions and avoiding multitasking, eliminating clutter in pathways and avoiding rushing to answer the phone or door.

62
Q

T or F: Active music therapy can enhance motor skills (specifically bradykinesia), emotional health, ADL performance, and quality of life.

A

True

63
Q

T or F: You should encourage clients with PD to eat smaller portions, remove distractions and eat more slowly.

A

True

64
Q

T or F: Stress from rushing increases symptoms of clients with PD.

A

True

65
Q

T or F: Distal wrist weights can be effective in decreasing tremors

A

True

66
Q

T or F: Using distal muscles can help stabilize proximal joints and muscles, which may reduce tremors.

A

False; using PROXIMAL muscles can help stabilize DISTAL joints and muscles, which may reduce tremors.

NBCOT AOTA PDF QUIZZEs (9 decks)

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