ndfs 200 test 1

Question 1

anecdotal

Answer 1

information derived from personal experience or observation, not scientific

Question 2

case reports

Answer 2

involves one or more subjects where symptoms, signs, diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up are reported by a medical professional

Question 3

retrospective

Answer 3

looks back at what has happened

Question 4

prospective

Answer 4

evaluates the results starting at a point in time and going to a future data (strong studies but struggles with ethics)

Question 5

randomized clinical trials

Answer 5

a study that randomly assigns participants to groups to compare different treatments

Question 6

crossover

Answer 6

when subjects being tested switch treatments at some time during the experiment

Question 7

controlled groups

Answer 7

group that doesn’t receive the treatment, used as a comparison

Question 8

placebo

Answer 8

an inactive substance that looks and is given in the same way as an active drug or treatment, determines effectiveness

Question 9

sham

Answer 9

placebo effect but with surgery

Question 10

case control

Answer 10

a type of observational study that compares two groups of people to decide if a factor is associated with a disease or condition. One group has the disease, and the other group doesn’t

Question 11

nurses’ health study

Answer 11

study effects of oral contraceptives, following up on children

Question 12

physicians health study

Answer 12

a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial that examined the effects of aspirin on cardiovascular disease

Question 13

women’s health initiative

Answer 13

effects of hormone replacement, diet modification, vitamin D, and calcium supplementation on postmenopausal women
-estrogen increased risk of stroke but decreased bone fractures

Question 14

purpose of dietary reference intakes

Answer 14

initiated due to young men enlisting in WWII not passing the physical exam, established dietary standards

Question 15

EAR

Answer 15

estimated average requirements
-vitamin C and immune function
-half the population

Question 16

RDA

Answer 16

recommended dietary allowances
-98% of population
-EAR x 1.2
-RDA is the goal for intake

Question 17

AI

Answer 17

adequate intake
-established for nutrients without an EAR
-essential fatty acids, fiber, choline, fluoride, b-vitamins

Question 18

UL

Answer 18

upper level
-maximum daily allowances that will not cause adverse effects
-food, drink, and supplements
-not all nutrients have a UL because of insufficient data or rapid excretion

Question 19

EER

Answer 19

estimated energy requirement
-average caloric intake
-energy not excreted, but stored as fat

Question 20

nutrigenetics

Answer 20

Examines how your genes affect the way your body responds to nutrients

Question 21

nutrigenomics

Answer 21

Studies how food and nutrients influence gene expression

Question 22

enzymes

Answer 22

speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy, allows substrate to bind and convert to needed products

Question 23

chief cells

Answer 23

pepsinogen (protein digestion) and gastric lipase (triglyceride digestion)

Question 24

HCl

Answer 24

kills bacteria, unfolds proteins, inactivates ingested hormones, dissolves minerals

Question 25

pepsin

Answer 25

-inactive form is pepsinogen -optimal at pH <3.5 -breaks up chains of amino acids -stomach

Question 26

cell types

Answer 26

-enterocytes: digestion and absorption -goblet: mucous -endocrine: hormone

Question 27

glycocalyx

Answer 27

Sugars that come off of the microvilli and enterocytes, contain digestive enzymes

Question 28

liver

Answer 28

produces bile which emulsifies fat, 2-4 cups per day

Question 29

pancreas

Answer 29

5-6 cups per day, sodium bicarbonate and enzymes -amylase (starch), lipase (fat), trypsin (protein), chymotrypsin (protein)

Question 30

gallbladder

Answer 30

stores bile and release it into common bile duct

Question 31

cardiovascular system

Answer 31

-water soluble vitamins, short/medium fatty acids, proteins and carbohydrates -takes nutrients from intestine to hepatic portal vein -liver metabolized and stores some nutrients, rest go out to the body -waste products of metabolism are brought back from cells

Question 32

lymphatic system

Answer 32

-long chain fatty acids, fat soluble vitamins -nutrients moved to thoracic duct to blood

Question 33

gastrin

Answer 33

-released by stomach and duodenum in response to food reaching stomach -triggers stomach to release HCl and pepsinogen, stimulates motility

Question 34

cholecystokinin (CCK)

Answer 34

-released by small intestine in response to dietary fat in chyme -stimulates release of pancreatic enzymes and bile from gallbladder

Question 35

secretin

Answer 35

-released by small intestine in response to acidic chyme and as digestion progresses -release of pancreatic bicarbonate

Question 36

motilin

Answer 36

-released by small intestine in response to gastric distension/dietary fat -regulates motility of gastrointestinal tract

Question 37

glucose dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP)

Answer 37

-released by small intestine in response to glucose, amino acids, and fat -inhibits gastric acid secretion, stimulates insulin release

Question 38

peptide YY

Answer 38

-released by ileum and large intestine in response to fat in large intestine -inhibits gastric and pancreatic secretions

Question 39

somatostatin

Answer 39

-released by stomach, small intestine, and pancreas -inhibits release of GI hormones; slows gastric emptying, GI motility, and blood flow to intestine