Neck

Question 1

What causes Torticollis most frequently?

Answer 1

Birth trauma

Question 2

What may accompany Torticollis?

Answer 2

Benign fibrous tumor

[this is termed “fibromatosis colli” and typically resolves with physical therapy]

Question 3

Which pharyngeal arches do the nerves of the neck arise from mainly?

Answer 3

4th and 6th

Question 4

Which are the main nerves of the neck that arise from the 4th and 6th pharyngeal arches?

Answer 4

Superior laryngeal branch of Vagus N (CN X)

Recurrent laryngeal branch of Vagus N (CN X)

Question 5

What two muscles are innervated by the spinal accessory nerve (CN XI)?

Answer 5

SCM

Trapezius

Question 6

What are the five fascial compartments of the neck?

Answer 6

Superficial fascia 
Investing Layer 
Pretracheal Layer 
Prevertebral Layer 
Alar fascia and carotid sheath

Question 7

What are the two layers of the deep fascia of the neck?

Answer 7

Pretracheal layer

Prevertebral layer

Question 8

What are the two parts of pretracheal layer of cervical fascia?

Answer 8

Muscular

Visceral

Question 9

What are enclosed in muscular part of pretracheal layer?

Answer 9

Infrahyoid muscles

Question 10

What are enclosed in visceral layer of pretracheal layer?

Answer 10

Thyroid gland 
larynx 
trachea 
pharynx 
esophagus

Question 11

Pretracheal layer of deep cervical fascia is continuous superiorly and posteriorly with which fascia?

Answer 11

Buccoopharyngeal fascia of the pharynx

Question 12

Carotid sheath is continuous anteriorly with which layers? Posteriorly with which layer?

Answer 12

Investing
Pretracheal

Prevertebral

Question 13

What does the carotid sheath contain?

Answer 13

Common and internal carotid arteries 
Internal Jugular vein
Vagus N 
Deep cervical lymph nodes 
Carotid sinus nerve 
Sympathetic nerve fibers

Question 14

What are the three zones of penetrating trauma in the cervical region?

Answer 14

Zone I
Zone II
Zone III

Question 15

Zone I lies between what structures?

Answer 15

From clavicle and jugular notch to cricoid cartilage.

Question 16

What structures are contained within Zone I?

Answer 16

Thoracic outlet structures including cupula of the lung
Proximal common carotid a
Subclavian a
Vertebral a 
Thoracic duct 
Trachea 
Esophagus 
Thymus

Question 17

Zone II lies between what structures?

Answer 17

From cricoid cartilage to angle of the mandible.

Question 18

What structures are contained within Zone II?

Answer 18

Internal and external carotid aa 
Jugular veins 
Pharynx 
Larynx 
Esophagus 
Recurrent laryngeal n 
Spinal cord
Trachea 
Thyroid and parathyroid glands

Question 19

Zone III lies between what structures?

Answer 19

From angle of mandible to the base of the skull.

Question 20

What structures are contained within Zone III?

Answer 20

Extracranial carotid and vertebral arteries

Uppermost segment of jugular vein

Question 21

What is the largest and most important interfascial space in the neck?

Answer 21

Retropharyngeal space

Question 22

Where is the retropharyngeal space located?

Answer 22

Between prevertebral layer and buccopharyngeal fascia

Question 23

What are the cutaneous cervical branches of cervical plexus?

Answer 23

Lesser Occipital N (C2)
Transverse Cervical N (C2, C3)
Great Auricular N (C2, C3)
Suprascapular N (C3, C4)

Question 24

What are the nerves found deep to the investing fascia?

Answer 24

Accessory N 
Nerve to levator scapulae
Phrenic N 
Dorsal scapular N 
Roots of brachial plexus

Question 25

Which nerve roots form the cervical plexus?

Answer 25

C1, C2, C3, C4

Question 26

Which nerves form the ansa cervicalis?

Answer 26

C1, C2, C3

Question 27

Which nerve forms the superior root of ansa cervicalis?

Answer 27

C1

Question 28

Which nerves form the inferior root of ansa cervicalis?

Answer 28

C2, C3

Question 29

What muscles are innervated by the nerves coming out of the loop of the ansa cervicalis?

Answer 29

Sternothyroid Sternohyoid Omohyoid (inferior belly)

Question 30

Which nerves form the phrenic n?

Answer 30

C3, C4, C5 [three, four, five keep the diaphragm alive]

Question 31

What are the suprahyoid muscles?

Answer 31

Mylohyoid Genihyoid Digastric

Question 32

What nerve innervates the anterior belly of digastric m?

Answer 32

Mandibular division of trigeminal n

Question 33

What nerve innervates the posterior belly of digastric m?

Answer 33

Facial n

Question 34

What are the infrahyoid muscles?

Answer 34

Sternothyroid Sternohyoid Omohyoid Thyrohyoid

Question 35

Which two muscles are innervated by C1 via Hypoglossal N?

Answer 35

Genihyoid | Thyrohyoid

Question 36

What is the function of mylohyoid m?

Answer 36

Elevate hyoid and tongue

Question 37

What is the function of digastric m?

Answer 37

Depress mandible | Steady hyoid

Question 38

What is the function of sternohyoid m?

Answer 38

Depress hyoid and larynx

Question 39

What is the function of thyrohyoid muscle?

Answer 39

Depress hyoid | Elevate larynx

Question 40

T/F: Supra/Infrahyoid muscles are anterior to the thyroid.

Answer 40

True | These are extrinsic muscles that overlie the larynx and tongue muscles.

Question 41

What are the anterior prevertebral muscles of the neck?

Answer 41

Longus coli Rectus capitis anterior Longus capitis Anterior scalene

Question 42

What are the lateral vertebral muscles of the neck?

Answer 42

Splenius capitis Levator scapulae Rectus capitis lateralis Middle and posterior scalenes

Question 43

Thoracic outlet is the space between which two structures?

Answer 43

Clavicle and first rib

Question 44

What is the motor part of the cervical plexus?

Answer 44

Ansa cervicalis

Question 45

What are the branches of thoracocervical trunk?

Answer 45

Suprascapular A Cervicodorsal trunk (transverse cervical a) Ascending cervical A Inferior thyroid A

Question 46

What is the first branch of external carotid artery?

Answer 46

Superior thyroid a