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ANAT EXAM 3 > Neck Viscera and Thoracic Boundaries > Flashcards

Neck Viscera and Thoracic Boundaries Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the connections of the trachea?

A

larynx to bronchi

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2
Q

Describe the structure of the trachea

A

C shaped hyaline cartilage, with annular ligaments in between rings, ring completed with smooth muscle and connective tissue

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3
Q

What is the function of the trachea?

A

air conduction

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4
Q

Is the trachea immobile?

A

No, annular ligament allows for flexion/ change of length & trachealis muscle allows for constriction

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5
Q

why would constriction of the trachea help an animal?

A

The trachealis muscle constricts the trachea and makes the lumen narrower. This allows for greater air velocity- expel material and cough

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6
Q

esophagus connections

A

laryngeal pharynx to stomach

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7
Q

where is the esophagous located

A

dorsal to trachea, ventral to longus colli, left of midline

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8
Q

When performing a tracheostomy, what structures will be passed through?

A

skin, sternohyoideous, sometimes caudal thyroid vein

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9
Q

external jugular vein

A

superficial, venipuncture, main channel blood return FROM the head

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10
Q

contents of the carotid sheath

A
  1. Vagosympathetic trunk
  2. Internal jugular
  3. Common carotid artery
  4. Thoracic duct
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11
Q

common carotid arteries

A

primary source of blood TO the head

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12
Q

internal jugular vein

A

1/10 size of external jug. usually drains to caudal part of external jugular

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13
Q

accessory nerve

A

CN XI- to trapezius

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14
Q

vagus nerve

A

CN X, part of vagosympathetic trunk

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15
Q

Great auricular

A

off of C2 to innervate external ear

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16
Q

phrenic nerve

A

innervates diaphragm

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17
Q

boundaries of the thoracic cavity

A

thoracic inlet, thoracic vertebral column, ribs/intercostal mm, sternum, thoracic outlet

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18
Q

thoracic inlet

A

T1, 1st ribs/costal cartilage, manubrium

  • trachea, esophagus, common carotid, internal and external jugular etc all pass through!!
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19
Q

where are intercostal nerves derived from?

A

from the ventral branches of a thoracic spinal nerve

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20
Q

where are the intercostal arteries derived from?

A

from dorsal branches of aorta and ventral branch of internal thoracic

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21
Q

what defines the thoracic outlet?

A

T13, 13th rib/costal arch, xiphoid, diaphragm

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22
Q

What is a serous membrane ?

A

smooth, thin, double-layered sheets of tissue that secrete serous fluid

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23
Q

What is the function of serous membranes

A

reduce friction between organs and surrounding structure
- also provide defense against infection and may store fat

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24
Q

in what body locations are serous membranes found?

A
  1. lining of thoracic cavity & lungs = PLEURA
  2. surrounding heart = PERICARDIUM
  3. surrounding testes and spermatic cord = VAGINAL TUNIC
  4. lining abdominal and pelvic cavities & organs inside= PERITONEUM
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25
What is the structure of a serous membrane?
2 thin layers that is continuous and has a space between the layers
26
visceral layer of serous membrane
the layer that covers the organ
27
parietal layer of serous membrane
layer that is outermost, covers the cavity/wall or another outer structure
28
cavity of serous membrane
space between visceral and parietal
29
Contents of the thoracic cavity
two pleural cavities, separated by the mediastinum
30
types of parietal pleura
mediastinal, costal, diaphragmatic
31
Base of lung
caudal surface, concave
32
apex of lung
rounded point of cranial extent of lung
33
How many lobes does the left lung have
2 caudal and cranial (cranial and caudal aspects)
34
how many lobes does the right lung have ?
4 cranial, middle, caudal, accessory,
35
What is the cardiac notch?
between the cranial and middle lobes of the right lung/ between the 4th and 5th intercostal space/ between the sternum and costochondral junction
36
where does the trachea extend to?
the level of the 4th intercostal space
37
what is the most caudal ridge of tracheal cartilage where a split occurs?
carina
38
how does the trachea split?
into L and R principal bronchi which then subdivides into lobar bronchi (1 per lobe)
39
hilus of lung
area near the center of the lung, receives the principal bronchus/ where pulmonary vessels (= root) exit and enter the lung
40
root of the lung
principal bronchus and pulmonary vessels entering lung off of the hilus
41
what is the pulmonary ligament
caudal extension of mediastinal parietal pleura from lung root as a pleural fold
42
what are the properties of arteries
carry blood Away from the heart direction of flow determined by pressure gradient thick-walled elastic
43
what are the properties of veins?
carry blood TO the heart direction maintained by valves thin walled not elastic
44
Does oxygenation or deoxygenation of blood differentiate arteries from veins?
NO
45
pulmonary arteries
BLUE!!! typically 1/ LUNG arise from pulmonary trunk carry deoxygenated blood from heart to lungs divide into smaller branches splitting to lobes = pulmonary lobar arteries
46
pulmonary veins
RED!! typically 1/ LOBE carry Oxygenated blood from lung lobes to the heart
47
What is the line of pleural reflection
a fold created by the parietal pleura changing direction from the diaphragm to ribs - reflection from diaphragmatic parietal pleura to costal parietal pleura that forms a curved line extending from 8th costal cartilage to the middle of the 13 rib
48
What is the costodiaphragmatic recess?
the potential space defined by the line of pleural reflection and the basal border of the lungs, l - lung expands into the space during inspiration but does not ever fully occupy
49
basal border of lung
caudal margin of each lung, where the costal surface of the lung meets the diaphragmatic surface - located along a line from 6th costochondral junction to dorsal aspect of 11th rib
50
Where are you unable to puncture a lung
between basal border or lung and the line of pleural reflection
51
thoracocentesis
procedure to remove air or fluid from the pleural cavity - K/9= 7 or 8 ICS at CCJ - FEL= 8 ICS at CCJ do this at the cranial aspect of ribs because intercostal a, v, n are along caudal aspect
52
what is the mediastinum?
the space between the L and R pleural cavities, essentially within the median plane of the thoracic cavity
53
mediastinal lymph nodes
many, located according to location - caudal, middle, cranial
54
sternal lymph nodes
medial to 2nd costal cartilage
55
tracheobronchial lymph nodes
at bifurcation of trachea, around the principal bronchii
56
thoracic duct
main lymph return vessel in the body , usually returns to venous system where L brachiocephalic and jugular v unite)
57
pericaridum
outer = fibrous pericardium inner = serous pericardium A. visceral serous pericaridum pericardial cavity B. parietal serous pericardium
58
fibrous pericardium
Fibrous sheet of connective tissue. Protects & limits expansion of the heart. adheres to - mediastinal pleura - parietal serous pericardium - sternum & diaphragm (via phrenicopericardial ligament) - connective tissue covering great vessels
59
pericardiocentesis
procedure to remove abnormal fluid accumulation in pericardical cavity (pericardial effusion)
60
where do you aim when performing a pericardiocentesis?
right 4th or 5th ICS, between sternum and level of costochondral junction: cardiac notch!!
61
what tissues are penetrated when performing a cardiocentesis?
skin, subcutaneous tissue, internal intercostal m, costal parietal pleura, mediastinal pleura, fibrous pericardium, parietal pericardium, pericardial cavity (NOT visceral pericardium)
62
why does a fetus have cardiac shunts
because the lungs are non-functional and oxygenated blood comes from the placenta. shunts allow for lung bypass
63
foramen ovale
shunt between L and R atria in the intraatrial septum 60% of blood into RA is shunted to LA becomes FOSSA ovalis perinatally
64
ductus arteriosus
blood vessel that connects the pulmonary trunk directly to the aorta becomes LIGAMENTUM arteriosum
65
Fetal blood flow
oxygenated blood from placenta enters RA via caudal vena cava, 60% of blood goes to LA via foramen ovalis, then to LV and aorta. Other 40% of blood goes from RA to pulmonary trunk through ductus arteriosus into aorta
66
ADULT blood flow
deoxy blood via caudal VC, cranial VC, azygous enter RA, goes into RV via tricuspid, goes into pulmonary tunk via pulmonary valve and into pulmonary arteries and into lungs oxygenated blood from pulmonary veins into LA, goes to LV via bicuspid, goes to aortic arch via aortic valve

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