need to go over first Flashcards
(100 cards)
1
Q
Parallel muscle fibers
A
longer and produce more range of motion that oblique muscle fibers, includes: Strap, fusiform, and triangular
2
Q
Oblique muscle fibers
A
shorter, more numerous and produce more force, includes: unipennaate, bipennate, multipennate
3
Q
Strap
A
long and thin, with fibers running the entire length oof muscle, ex: sternocleidomastoid, rectus abdominis
4
Q
Fusiform
A
spindle shaped, wide in the middle and tapers towards ends, ex: biceps brachii
5
Q
Triangular
A
flat and fan shaped, ex: trapezius, pectorals major
6
Q
Unipennate
A
look like one side of a feather, short fibers attaching diagonally along the length of a central tendon, ex: tibialis posterior
7
Q
Bipennate
A
looks like a common feather, obliquely attached to both sides of a central tendon, ex: rectus femoris
8
Q
Multipennate
A
have many tendons with oblique fibers in between, ex: deltoids
9
Q
Active insufficiency
A
point at which a muscle can’t shorten any farther, occurs to the agonist, ex: hamstrings have become actively insufficient when you try to flex your knee while your hip is extended, can’t complete full knee flexion
10
Q
Passive insufficiency
A
occurs when a multijoint muscle can’t be lengthened any farther without damage to its fibers, occurs to the antagonist, ex: flexing your hips to touch your toes while knee is extended, hamstrings will be passively insufficient
11
Q
tenodesis
A
tendon action of a muscle, ex: quadriplegic pronating the forearm ti cause the wrist to fall into flexion which opens the fingers
12
Q
isometric muscle contraction
A
muscle attachments don’t move
13
Q
isotonic contraction
A
eccentric or concentric, remember whether against or with gravity
14
Q
isokinetic contractions
A
speed of the motion stays the same for the duration of the contraction
15
Q
closed kinetic chain
A
distal segment fixed, proximal segment moves, ex: pull up
16
Q
open kinetic chain
A
distal segment free, proximal segment stationary, ex: extending knee when sitting on a chair
17
Q
Lymphatic system
A
- returns protein and water FROM interstitial to the cardiovascular system
- absorbs protein, fat and fat soluble vitamins through the interstitial lymph vessels
- recognizes and responds to foreign cells, microbes, and cancer cells (immune support)
- thoracic duct (largest duct) drains entire left side and both lower extremities
- right lymphatic duct drains right upper extremity and head and neck
18
Q
Heart sounds:
Lub
Dub
A
- atrioventricle valve closes in both the right and left atrium
- pulmonary and aortic valves closing
19
Q
Capillaries
A
where arteries and veins come together
20
Q
Cardiovascular system
A
Pulmonary circuit to systemic Circuit and back around
21
Q
Pulmonary circuit
A
Transports oxygen depleted blood from body through right side of the heart to lungs via pulmonary arteries (blue), where carbon dioxide is exchanged for oxygen before going to the left side of heart (when it turns red)
22
Q
Systemic circuit
A
Blood is oxygenated within the lungs, loops through left side of heart out to capillaries where oxygen blood is exchanged for Deoxygenated blood which returns via veins to the heart
23
Q
veins
arteries
A
- return blood to heart
- delivered blood away from heart to body
24
Q
hemorrhage
cerebral hemorrhage
A
- bleeding occurs when a break in a blood vessel allows blood to leak out of the closed system
- occurs within the confines of the bony skull
25
Congestive heart failure
Condition where the heart can't pump strongly enough to push an adequate supply of blood out to the various parts of the body, blood flowing from the heart slows, blood returning to the heart through the veins backs up, causing congestion in the body's tissues; often results in edema
26
Atherosclerosis
A type of arteriosclerosis, is when fatty deposits in the artery wall causing narrowing or blockage of the vessel
27
varicose veins
Occur as the blood pools in the vein enlarging it even more, this condition is more common in superficial veins of the legs
28
Thrombosis
Formation of a blood clot that may partially or totally block a blood vessel
29
Lymphedema
accumulation of excess lymph and swelling, commonly involves the arms or legs
30
Parallel forces
Occur in the same plane and in the same or opposite direction, ex: three forces of the back brace
31
Linear force
Two or more forces acting the same line, ex: two people pulling on the same rope but in opposite direction like tug of war
32
Concurrent forces
Two or more forces must act on common point but must pull or push in different directions
33
Force couple
Occurs when two or more forces act in different directions, resulting in a turning effect, ex: scapula rotates as a result of upper trap pulling up and in, lower trap pulls down, serratus anterior pulls out
34
Torque
moment of force, ability of force to produce rotation around an axis
35
First-class lever (bones are levers, joints are fulcrums)
Load – fulcrum - effort ex: moving head up and down
36
Second-class lever (bones are levers, joints are fulcrums)
Fulcrum - load - effort ex: plantar flexing (walking on tip toes)
37
Third-class lever (bones are levers, joints are fulcrums)
load - effort - fulcrum ex: bicep curl in weight training
38
gravity
external force
39
Trunk extension muscles
erector spinae (longissimus, ilioscostalis, spinalis), transversospinalis muscles (multifidus), interspinales muscles, intertransversarii muscles
40
quadratus lumborum
pelvic elevation and trunk lateral flexion (like turning to buckle your seat belt)
O- iliac crest
I- 12th rib, Transverse processes of all five lumbar vertebrae
A- trunk lateral bending
N- 12th thoracic and first lumbar nerves
41
trunk flexion muscles
rectus abdominis, internal oblique, external oblique, transverse abdominis (main role is compression of abdomen, not a strong trunk flexor but is an anterior muscle)
42
diaphragm
O- xiphoid process, ribs, lumbar vertebrae
I- central tendon
A- inspiration (contracting)
N- phrenic
43
external intercostals
O- rib above
I- rib below
A- elevate ribs during inspiration
N- intercostal nerve
44
internal intercostals
O- rib below
I- rib above
A- depress ribs during expiration
N- intercostal nerve
45
Quiet expiration
just sitting there, muscles: relaxation of diaphragm and external intercostals, recoil of thoracic wall, lungs and bronchi, gravity, internal intercostals in assistive role
46
forced expiration
yoga class or trying to catch your breath, muscles: internal intercostals plus external and internal obliques, transverse abdomens, rectus abdomens, quadrates lumborum, serratus posterior inferior
47
quiet inspiration
occurs about 70% of the time, muscles: diaphragm, external intercostals
48
deep inspiration
like during yoga, muscles: muscles of quiet inspiration plus sternocleidomastoid, scaliness, pectorals major, levator costarum, serratus posterior superior
49
Forced inspiration
just ran as fast as you could or have COPD, muscles: muscles of quiet and deep inspiration plus legator scapula, upper trapezius, rhomboids, pectorals minor
50
Sternocleidomastoid
O- sternum and clavicle
I- mastoid process
A- B: flexes neck, hyperextends head, U: laterally bends the neck and rotates face to opposite side
N- accessory nerve, and second and third cervical nerves
51
Scalene muscles (anterior, middle, posterior)
implications if tight
O-transcerse processes of the cervical vertebra
I- 1st and 2nd ribs
A- B: assists in neck flexion, U: neck lateral bending
N- lower cervical nerves
-if tight causes compression to brachial plexus, leads to thoracic outlet syndrome
52
splenius capitis muscle
O- lower half of nuchal ligament, spinous processes of C7 through T3
I- lateral occipital bone, mastoid process
A- B: extend head and neck, U: laterally bend and rotate face to same side
N- middle and lower cervical nerves
53
splenius cervicis muscle
O- spinous process of T3 to T6
I- transverse processes of C1 to C3
A- B: extend neck, U: laterally bend and rotate the face to same side
N- middle and lower cervical nerves
54
rectus abdominis
O- pubic crest
I- xiphoid process and costal cartilages of 5th to 7th ribs
A- trunk flexion, compression of abdomen
55
external oblique
O- iliac crest, pubic tubercle, and linea alba
I- lower 8 ribs laterally
A- B: trunk flexion, compression of abdomen, U: ipsilateral lateral bending, contralateral rotation
56
internal oblique
O- nuchal ligament, iliac crest, thoracolumbar fascia
I- 8th through 12th ribs, linea alba
A- B: trunk flexion, compression of abdomen, U: ipsilateral lateral bending, ipsilateral rotation
57
transverse abdominis
O- inguinal ligament, iliac crest, thoracolumbar fascia and costal cartilages of the last 7 ribs
I- pubic crest, abdominal aponeurosis, linea alba
A- compression of abdomen
58
Erector Spinae muscles:
Iliocostalis (cervicis, thoracis, lumborum)
Longissimus (capitis, cervicis, thoracis)
Spinalis (capitis, cervicis, thoracis)
O- iliac crest, lower ribs
I- angles of ribs, upper ribs, transverse processes of cervical vertebrae
A(same for longissimus and spinalis)- B: extend neck and trunk, U: rotate head and laterally bend neck and trunk to same side
N(same for longissimus and spinals)- spinal nerves
O- transverse processes at lower levels
I- transverse processes at upper levels, mastoid process
O- spinous processes below
I- spinous processes above
59
transversopspinalis
O- transverse process below
I- spinous process above
A- B: trunk/neck extension, U: contralateral rotation (head/neck/trunk)
60
interspinalis
O- spinous process below
I- spinous process above
A- neck/trunk extension
61
intertransversarii
O- transverse process below
I- transverse process above
A- ipsilateral neck/trunk lateral bending
62
cervical retraction
flexion at C1, extension of neck C2-C7, tucking in chin
63
cervical protraction
extension at C1, flexion of neck C2-C7, pushing chin out
64
Functional impact of posture on TMJ: forward head
suprahyoids and infra hyoids on stretch, which causes mandible to be in a position of retrusion
65
temporalis muscle
O- temporal fossa
I- coronoid process and ramus of mandible
A- B: elevation, retrusion, U: ipsilateral lateral deviation
N- trigeminal
66
Masseter
O- zygomatic arch of temporal bone and zygomatic process of maxilla
I- angle of rams and coronoid process of mandible
A- B: elevation of jaw, U: ipsilateral lateral deviation
N- trigeminal
67
Medial pterygoid
O- lateral pterygoid plate of the sphenoid bone and tuberosity of the maxilla
I- ramus and angle of the mandible
A- B: elevation, Protrusion, U: contralateral lateral deviation
N- trigeminal
68
Lateral pterygoid
O- lateral pterygoid plate and greater wing of the sphenoid
I- mandibular condyle and articular disk
A- B: depression, protrusion, U: contralateral lateral deviation
N: trigeminal
69
Mylohyoid
O- interior medial mandible
I- hyoid
A- assists in depressing mandible
N- trigeminal
70
Geniohyoid
O- mental spine of mandible
I- hyoid
A- assists in depressing mandible
N- C1 via hypoglossal nerve
71
Stylohyoid
O- styloid process of temporal bone
I- hyoid
A- assists in depressing mandible
N- facial nerve
72
Digastric
```
O- anterior: internal inferior mandible
posterior: mastoid process
I- via pulley like tendon to hyoid
A- assists in depressing mandible
N- trigeminal nerve and facial nerve
```
73
Sternohyoid
O- medial end of clavicle, sternoclavicular ligament, to manubrium
I- inferior border hyoid bone
A- stabilize hyoid bone
N- hypoglossal
74
Sternothyroid
O- manubrium and cartilage of the first rib
I- thyroid cartilage
A- stabilize hyoid
N- hypoglossal
75
thyrohyoid muscle
O- thyroid cartilage
I- inferior border of hyoid
A- stabilize hyoid
N- hypoglossal
76
Omohyoid
O- superior border of the scapula
I- inferior border of hyoid
A- stabilize hyoid bone
N- hypoglossal nerve
77
Prime movers TMJ joint:
Elevation
Depression
Protrusion
Retrusion
Ipsilateral lateral deviation
Contralateral lateral deviation
- temporalis, masseter, medial pterygoid
- lateral pterygoid, gravity, digastric, geniohyoid, mylohyoid
- lateral and medial pterygoid
- temporalis (posterior)
- temporalis, masseter
- medial and lateral pterygoid
78
Atlantooccipital joint
-Head and C1 (atlas)
-motion: flexion and extension
Nodding head yes
79
Atlantoaxial joint
C1 (atlas) and C2 (axis)
Motion: rotation, some lateral bending
Shaking head no
80
cranial nerve lesions and deficits associated
CN1- loss of smell (anosmia)
CN2- loss of pupillary constriction, visual field defects
CN3- dilated pupil, decreased pupillary reflex, eyes turned down and out
CN4- inability of eye to look down when eye is adducted
CN5- loss of pain and touch sensation to a lot of the face, decreased ability to move mouth (masseter and temporal is don't contract)
CN6- hard time moving the eye laterally
CN7- paralysis of facial muscles, can have change in taste to anterior 2/3 of tongue
CN8- may have loss of hearing, change in balance, ringing in ear
CN9- loss of taste on posterior 3rd of tongue, loss of sensation on soft palate
CN10- can have damage to vocal cords and difficulty speaking
CN11- paralysis or weakness of sternocleidomastoid and trapezius (drooping of shoulder example)
CN12- difficulty w/ some kind of tongue movement
81
Upper respiratory infection
any infection
82
pneumonia
lower respiratory infection (most common), it is an inflammation of the alveoli caused by a bacterial or viral infection
83
emphysema
destruction and enlargement of air spaces
84
Bronchitis
Causes increased mucus and inflammation
85
Asthma
Usually due to spasm of bronchial walls, makes exhalation very difficult
86
pleurisy
painful condition caused by inflammation of pleura
87
pneumothorax
collapsed lung, occurs by introducing air into or otherwise destroying the vacuum of the pleural cavity, reducing ventilation capacity
88
Blood flow through heart
Superior/inferior vena cava/coronary sinus-right atrium-tricuspid valve-right ventricle-pulmonary valve-pulmonary arteries-lungs-pulmonary veins-left atrium-bicuspid valve-left ventricle-aortic valve-aorta-body
89
air flow through lungs to provide oxygen to body
nasal cavity/mouth-pharynx-larynx-trachea-bronchii-bronchiole-alveoli
90
End feel:
Hard
Firm
Soft
- bone hits bone (example: elbow extension), no give on overpressure
- stretching or springy feel (example: hip flexion), slight give on overpressure
- soft tissue hits soft tissue (example: elbow or knee flexion), approximation
91
Suprahyoid muscles
group of muscles located above hyoid, connect hyoid to skull (mandible), includes: myylohyoid, geniohyoid, stylohyoid, digastric, all assist in mandibular depression
92
Infrahyoid muscles
Located below the hyoid bone and serve to stabilize it, includes sternohyoid, sternothyroid, thyrohyoid, omohyoid
93
vertebral curves
Provide the vertebral column with much more strength and resilience
94
Spinal stenosis
Narrowing of the vertebral canal that houses the spinal cord
95
Herniated discs
Occur when there's a weakness or degeneration of the annulus fibrosis, allows a portion of the nucleus pulposus to bulge or herniate through
96
Compression fractures
result in collapse of the anterior portion of the vertebrae, usually caused by trauma in the lumbar region or by osteoporosis in the thoracic region
97
open-packed position
resting position, minimal congruency between articular surfaces, parts of capsule and supporting ligaments are lax, joint mobilization techniques are best applied in the open-packed position, these allow for the roll, spin, and glide
98
Close-packed position
ligaments and capsule holding the joint together are taut, when the joint is congruent, the joint surfaces have maximum contact with each other, are tightly compressed and difficult to distract, usually occurs at one extreme of the range of motion, when ligaments and capsular structures are tested for stability and integrity the joint is placed in this position, example: patellar movement is not possible with knee flexion
99
Osteokinematic motion
Movement of bones around a joint axis (example: humerus moving on scapula) , movements such as flexion, extension, lateral bending, etc., joint motion adduction, dorsiflexion
100
arthrokinematic motion
Joint surface motion during osteokinemtic joint movement such as roll, glide, and spin
