neglijenta si atentie

Question 1

what is neglect

Answer 1

failure or difficulty in perceiveing,reporting or orienting to information or stimuli on the side of space opposite to the hemisphere that has suffered brain damahe

Question 2

what neglect to the majority of patients have

Answer 2

right hemisphere damage which means that the left hand side of the body is ignored

Question 3

what is an important aspect of the condition

Answer 3

none of the difficulties that are seen can be explained as being primarily sensry or motor in nature
they are not due to any intellectual difficulty
not due to lack of understanding as they are able to perform tasks on the ipsilesional side (unaffected side)

e.g. - not due to visual problems or paralysis

Question 4

what is hemispatial neglect

Answer 4

lack of attention paid to information in the contralesional side of space

e.g. eye gaze and head tends to be towards the side ipsilesional to their brain injury

Question 5

what is anosognosia

Answer 5

lack of awareness
as patients with neglect are not aware that they have a problem

Question 6

what is allesthesia

Answer 6

reporting a physical sensation such as being touched on the contralesional side as having happened on the ipsilesional side

e.g. someone touches them on left shoulder and they say they were tapped on right shoulder

Question 7

what is visual allesthesia

Answer 7

when something that has been presented in the contralesional side is reported by the patient as having been seen in the opposite space

Question 8

what is happening in allesthesia

Answer 8

unlike hemispatial neglect, the properties of the stimulus are being registered, but they are being attributed to the intact side of space

conscious awareness is filtering through despite the incorrect localisation

Question 9

what is somatosensory englect

Answer 9

the patient will ignore tactile, thermal or painful stimuli that are applied to the contralesional side of the body

Question 10

what are more interesting symptoms

Answer 10

neglect only under certain situations
patient will notice and respond to info that is presented on the contralesional side if there is nothing on the ipsilesional side

Question 11

what is extinsion

Answer 11

if informaiton is presented on both sides simultaneously a patient can exhibit extinction whereby they now neglect info in the contralesional side

there is competition in terms of attention

Question 12

what is repetition blindess

Answer 12

extinction only occurs if the 2 stimuli are the same

e.g. one patient was presented stimuli in both visual fields but only showed extinction when the 2 items were identical

if one visual field had chair and the other had bottle, he’d would report both

Question 13

what is somatoparaphrenia

Answer 13

delusional belief in which they think that the limb contralateral to a brain pathology, usually the left upper arm does not belong to them

Question 15

what is visual neglect

Answer 15

attentinal disorder

patients showing neglect tend to ignore stimuli in the side opposite to the brain damage (contralesional side)

Question 16

where is the neglect

Answer 16

usually in the right inferior parietal lobe

Question 17

different types of neglect

Answer 17

neglect is a heterogenous syndrome

extrapersonal neglect
representational neglect
pre-motor neglect
motor neglect
personal neglect

Question 18

what is perceptual and extrapersonal neglect

Answer 18

lack of attention towards stimuli located in the patient’s reaching area and outside the reaching space, located on the contralesional side

Question 19

how can you assess this form of neglect

Answer 19

line cancellation test

cancel on stimuli that are displayed on a paper

patient cancels stimuli on the right side and has ignored stimuli on the left

copy a drawing - left side is missing. what they did draw is well drawn

some patients with right brain damage show constructional apraxia - not neglect but drawing is unrecognisable so the spatial relationship amongst the part of the drawing r confused

Question 20

what is representational neglect

Answer 20

patients ignore the contralesional side of mental images

Bisiach and Luzzatti described 2 right brain damaged patients who showed diff to describe the left side of mental representations

they were asked to describe a familar square in Milan

depending on the specific point of view, they described the right side

so neglect can affect mental images

Question 21

what is another example of representational neglect

Answer 21

representational neglect occurs with perceptual neglect

however some patients have shown selective representation

first case of pure representational neglect - patient wasnt showing evidence of perceptual neglect, he could copy complex drawings, detect all lines on a paper, indicate midpoint of horizontal lines

however whwen asked to describe well known square in his town, he reported only details on the right side of the mental representation

he could copy drawings with no evidence of neglect. but when he was asked to draw from memory, he showed clear evidence of neglect

Question 22

what is pre motor neglect

Answer 22

failure or delay to move the unimpaired limb - usually the right one

patient might have difficulty to cancel stimuli on the left not bc they are neglecting the stimuli but bc they have difficulty in moving the healthy hand holding the pan towards the contralesional side

mark midpoint of a horizontal line using arrow which could be moved by a handle
if u want to move the arrow toward the right you have to move the handle toward the left

Question 23

motor neglect

Answer 23

patient tends to underuse the contralesional limb without defects of strength

perform tasks using ipsilesional limb even though they can use both hands

Question 24

what is personal neglect

Answer 24

ignore the contralesional side of own body

fail to shave one side of the face

test: one item test
asked to reach contralesional limb using ipsilesional limb

fluff test - close eyes and remove small target that have been attached to the body

Question 25

allocentric neglect

Answer 25

consider frame of reference object centred neglect patients omit the target on the left side of an object regardless of its position to the patients body ignore left side of words PP showed severe left neglect judge whether 2 nonsense shapes were simialr or different PP was omitting what was on the left side of the object

Question 26

implicit

Answer 26

stimuli not completely ignored stimuli processed despite patient not being to consciously recollect reported the 2 houses were identical, even though one house left side was on fire when asked to choose which house she wanted to live in she chose the one without the fire

Question 27

where is the damage

Answer 27

following lesion of the right hemsipehre right inferior parietal lobe in particular the right supramarginal gyrus and angular gyrus neglect has been observed following lesions in subcortical areas thalmaus and frontal area

Question 28

disengaging attentional deficit

Answer 28

ppts asked to fixate on a central cross given a cue like an arrow pointing where it is more likely that the target will appear occassionally the target appears in the uncued position look at the time ppts spend in directing their attention from the centre of fixation point to the target location RS - in the valid condition, RS showed higher reaction time to detect target on the left hOWEVER when target presented in left invalid, patient showed increased reaction time neglect patients show exaggerated cost of disengagement of attention neglect- disorder to activate attentional resources to pull away and disengage from other stimuli

Question 29

disengagement hypothesis

Answer 29

asked to search stimuli in 2 different search tasks searching time for left target increased with the increment of the number of stimuli on the right neglect is inability to disenage to move away attention from target located in the ipsilesional side