Nematodes

Question 1

What zoonotic agent is this describing:
Complex, multicellular pathogens, male and females with their own reproductive tracts, can produce a variety of different types of offspring (undeveloped eggs, larva inside egg, or live larva) depending on the genus and species

Answer 1

Nematodes

Question 1

What zoonotic agent is this describing:
Complex, multicellular pathogens, male and females with their own reproductive tracts, can produce a variety of different types of offspring (undeveloped eggs, larva inside egg, or live larva) depending on the genus and species

Answer 1

Nematodes

Question 2

What agent is this describing:
- Route of K9 infection - Oral-larvated egg, transplacental, paratenic host
- Hepatic, lung, and tracheal migration (somatic larval migration can be associated with clinical signs, liver and respiratory signs due to host inflammation to tissue damage caused by migrating larvae, immunity, encystment, larval leak during waning immunology

Answer 2

Toxocara canis

Question 3

What agent is this describing:
- Oral-larvated egg, paratenic host
- Hepatic, lung, and tracheal migration (somatic larval migration can be associated with clinical signs, liver and respiratory signs due to host inflammation to tissue damage caused by migrating larvae, immunity, encystment, larval leak during waning immunology
(larval stages will undergo migration)

Answer 3

Toxocara cati

Question 4

What agent is this describing:
- Route of infection, L3 skin or oral, transmammary
- Use migration through somatic tissues. Skin lesions associated with migrating larvae, immunity, encystment, larval leak during waning immunology or during early lactation, and L3 in milk

Answer 4

Ancylostoma caninum (hookworm dog)

Question 5

Which roundworms of dogs, cats, small mammals are zoonotic?

Answer 5

• Toxocara canis
• Toxocara cati
• Baylisascaris spp. (B. procyonis - raccoons)

Question 6

A rare inflammatory condition of the eye caused by local reactions to the larva of Toxocara species

Answer 6

Ocular larva migrans (OLM)

Question 7

An infection caused by parasitic roundworms passed from animals to humans

Answer 7

Visceral larva migrans (VLM)

Question 8

Which three zoonotic agents can cause OLM and VLM in humans?

Answer 8

• Toxocara canis
• Toxocara cati
• Baylisascaris spp. (B. procyonis - raccoons)

Question 9

What is the biggest difference between Baylisascaris procyonis and Toxacara?

Answer 9

• Somatic migration in the raccoon (Baylisascaris) doesn’t occur (L enter mucosa then returns to GI as subadult)

Question 10

How resistant are the Baylisascaris eggs?

Answer 10

• Requires hot water (65 C; 149 F, most hot tap water is 131)
• Bleach and most standard hospital disinfectants do nothing to kill the eggs
• Use boiling infectious for months to years
• Latrines of raccoons are part of the problem and the solution
• High concentration of eggs in an area (barn loft, attic space, tree)

Question 11

What does the Baylisascaris larva do as they migrate?

Answer 11

• Larvae get bigger and bigger and bigger as they migrate
  - 300um (L2 — 2mm in length)
• we are also concerned with neural larval migrans

Question 12

Often presents as acute eosinophilic meningoencephalitis

Answer 12

Neural larva migrans

Question 13

Dirofilaria immitis, also known as _____________, is caused by D. immitis. D. immitis adult worms can cause pulmonary artery blockage in dogs, leading to an illness that can include cough, exhaustion upon exercise, fainting, coughing up blood, and severe weight loss.

Answer 13

heartworm

Question 14

Cats and Dogs are good reservoirs for:

Answer 14

• Toxocara Canis, T. catis
• Ancylostoma spp., Uncinaria

Question 15

The following is describing what agent?
Reservoir: Pigs, Rats, Bear
Transmissions: Ingestion of infected undercooked tissues
Dz in animals: None to Death
Dz in Humans: None to Death
Prevention: Don’t eat raw or undercooked food, good kitchen hygiene

Answer 15

Trichinella spiralis

Question 16

The following describes the life cycle of:
1. L1 eaten, excyst, invade intestinal mucosa
2. Mature to adults in 2 days (M & F)
3. Day 5: viviparous F: birth to prelarvae
4. Prelarvae enter lymphatics and bloodstream
5. Invade striated muscle
6. Week 2-3, L1, roll up spiral, encysted
- ready to be eaten by next host

Answer 16

Trichinella spiralis

Question 17

The following is describing what agent?
Reservoir: Rat (DH), Snail (IH)
Transmissions: Ingestion of L3 in snail or snail remnants
Dz in animals: Normal hosts-none
Dz in Humans: CNS - Eosinophils
Prevention: Avoid ingestion of L3 in snail or snail remnants (unwashed greens)

Answer 17

Angiostrongylus (Rat lungworm)

Question 18

The following describes the life cycle of:
1. L3 eaten by a rat, L3 goes to the brain, molts to adult (1 cm) enters a vein, carried to heart, lungs, female releases eggs
2. Eggs hatch while in rat, L1 shed in rat feces
3. Mollusk eats L1, molts to L2, L3, in snail
4. Snail is eaten by rat or aberrant host
- Aberrant host: eosinophilic meningoencephalitis (A. cantonesis)

Answer 18

Angiostrongylus cantonensis

Question 19

(T/F) We have Dracunculus medinensis in the USA

Answer 19

False, we have D. insignis

Question 20

(T/F) Dracunculus insignis has more human cases compared to Dracunculus medinensis

Answer 20

False, no human cases for Dracunculus insignis

Question 21

What agent causes the following?
Within a few hours of ingesting this parasite in infected fish:
- The worm burrows into the human intestinal wall resulting in an acute and transient infection with symptoms such as abdominal pain, vomiting, nausea, and/or diarrhea

Answer 21

Anisakis simplex

Question 22

Is a cousin of fenbendazole, which is also known as Panacur. It is used to treat Baylisascaris and Anisakis

Answer 22

Albendazole