Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Animal Disease 1 > Nematodes > Flashcards

Nematodes Flashcards

(115 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is the usual infectious stage of a nematode?

A

L3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the basic lifecycle of a nematode?

A
  1. Reproduce sexually in DH
  2. Direct: hatch > 2 larval moults > L3 ingestion > infect host. Indirect: 2 moults in IH > final host infected by IH
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the free living stage of a nematode?

A

L1-L3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Name the 3 dog and cat nematodes.

A

Toxocara canis (ascarid = roundworm)

Angiostrongylus vasorum (lung/heartworm)

Ancylostoma caninum (hookworm)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the type of lifecycle of toxocara canis?

A

Direct in dogs
Humans can be accidental hosts = zoonotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the lifecycle of toxocara canis in puppies?

A
  1. Host ingests embryonated eggs
  2. Hatch
  3. L3 in intestine
  4. Hepatic tracheal migration
  5. L4 returns to intestine
  6. Adult
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the clinical signs of toxocara canis in puppies?

A

Pneumonia
Pulmonary oedema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the lifecycle of toxocara canis in older dogs?

A

Larval encysts in tissues = hypobiosis = inactive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the lifecycle of toxocara canis in bitches?

A
  1. Encysts reactivate from tissue
  2. Infect puppies via transplacental and transmammary transmission
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How is toxocara catis different in cats to dogs?

A
  • No transplacental transmission
  • Mainly transmammary so clinical signs GI
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the hosts for angiostrongylus vasorum?

A

DH = dog
IH = slug/snail

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the PPP of angiostrongylus vasorum?

A

7 weeks
Adults can live in dog for up to 2 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe the lifecycle of angiostrongylus vasorum?

A
  1. Dog eats IH
  2. L3 penetrates intestine
  3. Migrate to abdominal lymph nodes to moult to L5
  4. Hepatic vein to right ventricle
  5. Become adults in pulmonary arteries
  6. Eggs carried into lung capillaries for embryonation
  7. L1 larvae coughed up
  8. Swallowed
  9. L1 excreted in faeces
  10. IH ingests
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the clinical signs of angiostrongylus vasorum?

A

L1 in pulmonary arteries = vessel blockage = heart failure

Coughing blood
Anaemia
Tachycardia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the lifecycle of ancylostoma caninum?

A
  1. L3 penetrate skin
  2. Heart
  3. Lungs
  4. Moult to L4 in bronchi
  5. Some to muscles to reactivate in pregnancy and pass in milk.
  6. L4 swallowed to small intestine
  7. Moult to lay eggs
  8. Adult blood feeders
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the clinical signs of ancylostoma caninum?

A

Anaemia
Respiratory signs
Skin lesions

Cutaneous larval migrans in humans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Name the 6 horse nematodes.

A

Strongylus species
Cyathostominae
Paracaris equorum
Oxyuris equi
Thelazia lacrymalis
Habronema microstoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the strongylus lifecycle?

A
  1. Eggs
  2. L3 in faecal pat
  3. L3 ingested
  4. Penetrate mucosa
  5. Moult to L4
  6. Moult to immature adults
  7. Return to intestine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the lifecycle of stromgylus vulgaris?

A
  1. L4 penetrate submucosal arteries
  2. Migrate via the caecal and colic arteries
  3. Cranial mesenteric artery
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the PPP of strongylus vulgaris?

A

6-7 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the lifecycle of strongylus endentatus?

A
  1. L3 travel via portal system
  2. Moult to L4
  3. Migrate through liver
  4. Sub-peritoneum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the PPP of strongylus endentatus?

A

10-12 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the lifecycle of strongylus equinus?

A
  1. L3 from nodules within intestine wall
  2. Travel across peritoneum
  3. Liver and pancreas
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the PPP of strongylus equinus?

A

8-9 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Describe the pathogenesis of strongylus vulgaris.
Most common strongylus leading to pathology. Endoarteritis (mesenteric) > thromboembolic infarction in large intestine. Adults cause blood loss and ulceration.
26
What are the clinical signs of strongylus vulgaris?
Weight loss Anorexia Anaemia Diarrhoea Fever Colic Death from intestine infarction
27
What do adult strongylus vulgaris look like?
Dark red 5cm large intestine
28
What is the location of strongylus equinus and endentatus?
Large intestine
29
What is the lifecycle of cyathostominae?
1. Horse ingests L3 2. Enter mucosa of large intestine 3. Moult to L4 4. Emerge into lumen to become adult 5. Eggs pass out of faeces 6. L3 migrate out onto grass
30
What is the PPP of cyathostominae?
6-8 weeks
31
Do cyathostominae undergo hypobiosis?
Yes. L3 can undergo hypobiosis in large intestine mucosa, winter = spring disease
32
How is cyathostominae diagnosed?
FEC, but this could be negative. ELISA
33
How is cyathostominae controlled?
Pasture poo picking Targeted selective treatment with anthelmintics
34
What are the clinical signs of cyathostominae?
Weight loss Colic Larval cyathostominae = 50% death due to mass emergence of hypobiosis L3 in early spring
35
What is the appearance of cyathostominae?
Small redworms
36
What is the lifecycle of paracaris equorum?
1. Eggs excreted on pasture 2. L2 develops in egg, viable for years 3. Eggs ingested 4. L2 hatch in gut 5. Migrate to liver 6. Becomes L3 in liver 7. Lungs via heart 8. L3 migrate up trachea 9. Coughed up and swallowed 10. Adult in small intestine
37
What is the PPP of paracaris equorum?
12-16 weeks
38
What is caused by the migration of paracaris equorum?
Haemorrhage in liver and lungs, intestinal obstruction
39
What are the clinical signs of paracaris equorum?
Coughing Nasal discharge Weight loss Colic
40
What is the method of transmission of strongylus vulgaris?
Eggs from faeces of infected horses hatch to L3 on pasture and are ingested
41
What are the methods to reduce infection pressure for strongylus vulgaris?
- Poo pick twice weekly - Pasture rotation - Co-grazing - Regular FEC and larval culture - Quarantine and treat new arrivals
42
What is the method of transmission of cyathostominae?
Eggs from faeces of infected horses hatch to L3 on pasture and are ingested
43
What are the methods to reduce the infection pressure of cyathostominae?
- Poo pick twice weekly - Pasture rotation - Co-grazing - Regular FEC and cyathostomin ELISA - Quarantine and treat new arrivals
44
What is the method of transmission of paracaris equorum?
Eggs from faeces of infected horses on pasture are ingested
45
What are the methods to reduce infection pressure of paracaris equorum?
- Poo pick twice weekly - Avoid grazing youngstock on pastures in successive years (pasture rotation) - Regular FEC - Quarantine and treat new arrivals
46
What is the lifecycle of oxyuris equi?
1. Adult in colon 2. Migrate to anus to deposit eggs 3. Eggs rubbed onto grass 4. L3 develop in eggs 5. Eggs ingested 6. Hatch to L3 in colon where they moult to L5
47
What is the PPP of oxyuris equi?
5 months
48
What is caused by oxyuris equi?
Anal itching FEC negative as eggs around anus not faeces
49
What is the lifecycle of thelazia lacrymalis?
1. Adults in conjunctiva 2. Muscid fly IH ingested L1 3. L3 emerge 4. Fly feeds on tears to infect 5. 1 month to become adult
50
What disease is caused by thelazia lacrymalis?
Conjunctivitis
51
What is the lifecycle of habronema microstoma?
1. Adults in stomach 2. Eggs in faces hatch to L1 3. Ingested by fly maggots 4. L3 5. Adult flies feed on tears and wounds 6. L3 burrow into skin 7. Develop into adults
52
Name the 3 pig nematodes.
Ascaris suum Trichuris suis Trichonella spiralis
53
What is the lifecycle of ascaris suum?
1. Excreted in faeces 2. Infective stage is egg containing L2 3. Worm/bettle ingests 4. L2 encysts 5. Pig ingests eggs or worm/beetle 6. L2 burrow into intestinal wall 7. Enter hepatic portal system 8. Liver 9. Become L3 10. Migrate in blood to lungs via veins 11. 4-6 days later L3 migrate up bronchial tree 12. Pharynx 13. Swallowed 14. L3 moults to adult in small intestine
54
What is the PPP of ascaris suum?
6-8 weeks
55
What is the pathogenesis of ascaris suum?
Migrating larvae = milk spot fever = condemnation of liver at slaughter
56
What are the clinical signs of ascaris suum?
Pneumonia Predispose to infections Affect growth rates
57
Describe the epidemiology of ascaris suum.
- Eggs survive years in environment - Piglets infected early birth and immunity as adults - Seasonal occurrence is higher in summer
58
How is ascaris suum diagnosed?
FEC but pigs are coprophagic so may have low egg counts. Observe worms in faeces
59
What is the appearance of ascaris suum?
Thick (typical ascarid)
60
What is the lifecycle of trichuris suis?
1. Eggs excreted in faeces 2. L1 develop in eggs 3. Eggs ingested 4. Hatch in intestine 5. L1 penetrate caecum and colon 6. Moult to L5 7. Some adults emerge, most remain embedded in mucosal layers
61
What is the PPP of trichuris suis?
7-10 weeks
62
What is caused by trichuris suis?
Low pathogenicity but severe causes diarrhoea, anaemia and anorexia
63
What is the lifecycle of trichinella spiralis?
Indirect - no free living stage. 1. Larvae in muscle of DH/pig 2. Adult in small intestine 3. L1 travel via blood to muscles and encyst 4. Must be eaten to become an adult
64
Is trichinella spiralis zoonotic?
Yes. Humans infected by eating muscle with encysted larvae
65
How do domestic pigs become infected with trichinella spiralis?
Eating undercooked food waste, rodents IH and each other's tails
66
What is caused by trichinella spiralis?
Young pigs = diarrhoea, inappetence, weakness Human = diarrhoea, fever, muscle pain
67
How is trichinella spiralis controlled?
- Boil waste before feeding to pigs - Meat inspection - Eliminate rodents - Freeze/cook meat to kill L1
68
Name the 3 cattle nematodes.
Ostertagia ostertagi Cooperia oncophora Dictyocaulus viviparus (lungworm)
69
What is the lifecycle of ostertagia ostertagi?
1. Eggs passed in faeces 2. Hatch to moult to L1-L3 3. Migrates on pasture 4. L3 ingested by host 5. L3 exsheath in rumen 6. Develop to L4 in gastric gland of abomasum 7. Adult 8. Females lay eggs in lumen
70
What is PPP of ostertagia ostertagi?
21 days
71
Does ostertagia ostertagi undergo hypobiosis?
Yes, up to 6 months
72
How is ostertagia ostertagi identified?
FEC - thin shells Adults - male has bursa, female vulva
73
Describe the pathology of ostertagia ostertagi?
- Develop in gastric gland = reduced mass - pH increases = loss of bacteriostatic effect in abomasum - Enhanced permeability = increased proteins = expense of muscle and fat - Hyperplasia in mucosa
74
What are the clinical signs of ostertagia ostertagi?
Diarrhoea Dehydration Anorexia Death High plasma pepsinogen Death
75
Describe the epidemiology of type 2 ostertagia ostertagi?
- Calves in 1st grazing season - July onwards risk of disease - High morbidity, low mortality - Diarrhoea, poor weight gain - High FEC - Pasture rest = most L3 die
76
Describe the epidemiology of type II ostertagia ostertagi.
- Yearlings - Maturation of larvae from hypobiosis - L4 arrest (ingested previous autumn) - Disease late winter/early spring - Low morbidity, high mortality - Diarrhoea, anaemia - Low FEC
77
How is ostertagia ostertagi diagnosed?
FEC ELISA
78
What is the lifecycle of cooperia oncophora?
1. Egg hatch in faeces 2. L1-L3 3. L3 migrate out of faeces onto pasture 4. INgested by host 5. L3 exsheath in rumen 6. Moult to L4 7. Moult to adult on small intestine mucosa 8. Female lays eggs that pass out faeces
79
What is the PPP of cooperia oncophora?
14-21 days
80
How is cooperia oncophora identified?
FEC and culture to L3 to confirm species
81
Describe the epidemiology of cooperia oncophora.
Overwintering by hypobiosis
82
What are the clinical signs of cooperia oncophora?
Adults: carriers, few signs of infection Heavy burden: weight loss, inappetence, diarrhoea
83
What is the lifecycle of dictyocaulus viviparus?
1. Adult in lungs 2. Eggs in trachea 3. Coughed up 4. Swallowed 5. Hatch to L1 in GIT 6. L1-L3 in faeces (L3 overwinter) 7. L3 move through fluid via pilobolus fungi to grass 8. Ingested 9. L3 via intestine to lymph nodes to be L4 10. Carried via blood to lungs
84
What is the PPP of dictyocaulus viviparus?
25 days
85
What are the clinical signs of dictyocaulus viviparus?
Severe bronchitis Pneumonia Coughing Death - worse in very young
86
How is dictyocaulus viviparus identified and diagnosed?
L1 in fresh faeces or sputum ELISA
87
Describe the pre-patent, patent, post-patent and re-infection phases of dictyocaulus viviparus pathogenesis.
Pre-patent: larvae in alveoli and bronchi = alveolitis/bronchitis Patent: frothy mucus, parasitic pneumonia caused by egg and L1 aspiration = collapsed bronchi Post-patent: if calf recovers, months to heal = fatal flares/fibrosis, dead worm material infection Re-infection husk: immune animals exposed to L3 challenge = lymphoid in bronchi, coughing (not death)
88
Describe the epidemiology of dictyocaulus viviparus.
- Common in calf first grazing then immunity develops - Older animals infected if no prior exposure - Overwintered larvae and carrier animals - Disease July to September
89
How is dictyocaulus viviparus controlled?
Lungworm vaccine prevents disease but pasture still has contamination so low levels of infection still occur. Anthelmintics do not allow immunity.
90
What fungi is able to disperse the larvae of dictyocaulus viviparus?
Pilobolus fungi on faecal pat
91
Name the 3 sheep nematodes.
Teladorsagia circumcinta Nematodirus battus Haemonchus contortus
92
What is the lifecycle of teladorsagia circumcinta?
Direct. 1. Eggs out faeces 2. Moult L1-L3 3. L3 exsheath in rumen 4. Enter gastric glands of abomasum 5. Moult to L5 6. Emerge from glands 7. Become adult in lumen
93
What is the PPP of teladorsagia circumcinta?
16-21 days
94
Does teladorsagia circumcinta undergo hypobiosis?
Yes. L3 may in gastric glands up to 6 months
95
How is teladorsagia circumcinta identified?
Eggs in faeces Worms PM Red/brown worms Bursa in male Buccal cavity
96
What is the pathology of teladorsagia circumcinta?
Developing larvae in gastric gland = distention, thick hyperplasia of mucosa
97
What are the clinical signs of teladorsagia circumcinta?
Anorexia Diarrhoea Dehydration Weight loss Death High plasma pepsinogen
98
Describe the epidemiology of type I teladorsagia circumcinta.
- Lambs with no immunity - Depends on climate, increase during lambing - Periparturient egg rise PPR - L3 infective - Disease July-November
99
Describe the epidemiology of type II teladorsagia circumcinta.
- Animals infected late autumn = L3 may hypobiose and overwinter within host - Disease as emerge following spring - Slow immunity, 2 grazing seasons
100
How is teladorsagia circumcinta controlled?
Anthelmintic Stock management in rotation grazing
101
What is the lifecycle of nematodirus battus?
1. Eggs passed in faeces 2. L1-L3 in egg 3. L3 hatch due to climatic stimulus cold less than 10 degrees C 4. L3 exsheath in rumen 5. Moult to L4 in small intestinal mucosa 6. L5 adult in lumen
102
What is the PPP of nematodirus battus?
14 days
103
How is nematodirus battus identified?
Brown eggs Disease occurs during PPP so FEC is not useful
104
What is the pathology of nematodirus battus?
Small intestinal damage Enteritis Malabsorption
105
What are the clinical signs of nematodirus battus?
Diarrhoea during PPP Dehydration Death, high mortality if untreated
106
What is the epidemiology of nematodirus battus?
- Eggs survive up to 2 years - Overwintered eggs hatch the same time at temperatures less than 10 degrees C so large numbers of L3 suddenly in spring - Immunity in adults - Lamb-lamb transmission, spring flush - Mass hatching in April
107
How is nematodirus battus controlled?
Avoid successive grazing of lambs on the same pasture. Anthelmintic prophylaxis vs lamb lamb
108
What is the lifecycle of haemonchus contortus?
Direct 1. Eggs in faeces 2. L1-L3 3. Migrate to pasture 4. Ingested 5. L3 exsheath in rumen 6. Moult to L4 in abomasum 7. Feeds om blood in abomasum
109
What is the PPP of haemonchus contortus?
16-21 days
110
Does haemonchus contortus undergo hypobiosis?
Yes, up to 6 months
111
How is haemonchus contortus identified?
Adults in abomasum Bursa in male FEC
112
What are the clinical signs of haemonchus contortus?
Blood loss Anaemia
113
Describe the pathology of haemonchus contortus?
Acute: haemorrhage, sudden death Subacute: anaemia oedema Chronic: weight loss, weakness
114
Describe the epidemiology of haemonchus contortus.
- High biotic potential - Sudden appearance of disease - Rapid development in warm, humid condition - Spring-autumn
115
How is haemonchus contortus controlled?
Treat and move Anthelmintics

Animal Disease 1 (25 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions