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Nematodes Flashcards

(90 cards)

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1
Q

Ascarid features

A

3 lips, 2 spicules (in males)
Oviparous (unembryonated egg)
Direct life cycle

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2
Q

Important ascarids of large animals

A

Parascaris equorum
Ascaris suum

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3
Q

Important ascarids of small animals

A

Toxacadis leonina
Toxacara cati
Toxacara cani

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4
Q

Ascaris suum (host and life cycle)

A

Swine
Hepatotracheal

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5
Q

Parascaris equorum

A

Horse
Hepatotracheal

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6
Q

Toxascaris leonina

A

Dogs and cats
Mucosal migration (eaten and stays in GI)
Paratenic hosts have hyponiotic L3s (important for dispersal)

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7
Q

Toxacaris canis

A

Dogs
Hepatotracheal, somatic (transplacental (major), transmammary (minor))
Paratenic host possible

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8
Q

Toxocara cati

A

Cats
Hepatotracheal
Somatic (Transmammary)
Paratenic host possible

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9
Q

Diagnosing canine/feline ascariasis

A

Eggs in feces
Adult worms in feces or vomit
Clinical signs (cough, diarrhea, pot belly, weight loss)

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10
Q

Zoonotic ascarids

A

Toxocara and Bayliscaris

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11
Q

Oxyurida (pinworms) examples

A

Oxyuris equi

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12
Q

Oxyuris equi

A

Horses
Direct life cycle
Mucosal migration (ingested and stays in GI)
Embryonated egg with operculum

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13
Q

Pinworm diagnosis

A

Clinical signs (itching)
Eggs in feces or on anus
Scotch tape test

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14
Q

Are any pinworms zoonotic

A

No. Very host specific

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15
Q

Rhabditida (threadworms) example

A

Strongyloides

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16
Q

Rhabditida characteristics

A

Facultative parasites
Embryonated eggs
Only females infected

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17
Q

Which strongyloides spp. is zoonotic? (Threadworms)

A

Strongyloides stercoralis (infects canids, felids, humans)

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18
Q

Strongyloides life cycle

A

Dogs, cats, sheep, pigs, horses
Tracheal or somatic migration (transmammary)
Skin penetration or ingestion
Direct life cycle
L1s either infect host (filariform L3 females) or go on to sexually reproduce in the environment (Rhabditiform)

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19
Q

Strongyloides diagnosis

A

Larvated eggs in large animal feces
Free L1 in small amimal feces

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20
Q

Classifications within the order strongylida (bursate nematodes)

A

Ancylostomatoidea (hookworms)
Trichistrongyloides
Strongyloidea
Metastringyloides (lungworms)

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21
Q

Small animal hookworms

A

Ancylostoma caninum (dogs)
Ancylostoma tubaeforme (cats)
Uncinaria stenocephala (dogs, cats, foxes)

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22
Q

Characteristics of ancylostoma

A

3 pairs of teeth to hook into gut wall or cutting plates
Morula in egg /strongyle type egg

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23
Q

Lifecycle of ancylostoma caninum

A

Tracheal migration (skin or mucosal penetration)
Transmammary
Arrested larvae in lungs (somatic)
Direct development (minor)
Paratenic host possible

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24
Q

Comparing ancylostoma caninum to tubaeforme (cats) and uncinaria

A

Ancylostoma tubaeforme has no transmammary transmission
Ancylostoma uncinaria has no transmammary transmission and direct development is the major route

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25
Hookworm pathology
Larva cause damage to lungs whereas adults cause damage to intestine and lead to anemia
26
Hookworm diagnosis
Clinical signs (anemia, dark tarry stools, palor) Strongyle type eggs (morulated) in feces
27
Hookworm treatment complications
Encysted larvae can activate after an adult die-off Increased fecundity from less crowding drug resistance
28
Zoonosis of hookworms
Cutaneous larval migrans from L3s in the skin of human host A. Braziliense, A. Caninum, and other species
29
Trichostrongyle characteristics
Small and thin Bursate Small buccal capsule
30
Strongyle characteristics
Small Bursate Prominant buccal capsule (plug feeders)
31
Trichostrongyle/strongyle life cycle
L3 penetrate mucosa --> adults in GI tract (L3/L4 can encyst and go into hypobiosis) Direct life cycle Seasonal occurrence of arrested larvae
32
Trichostrongyle examples
Ostertagia Haemonchus Trichostrongylus Nematodirus
33
Ostertagia (host and life cycle)
Cattle L3s penetrate mucosa and develop in abomasum (gastric glands) and adults live in GI L3 and L4 can go into seasonal hypobiosis
34
Ostertagia pathogenesis
Allows blood and proteins to seep past damaged gastric glands
35
Ostertagia clinical signs
Diarrhea Submandibular edema Malnutrition
36
Ostertagia seasonality
Type 1: two peaks of adult growth in summer (first peak due to excystation) Type 2: hypobiotic L4-L5
37
Haemonchus (species and life cycle)
Barber pole worm Sheep Direct life cycle where L1 is released in environment and develops into L3. L3s ingested. L3-L4 enter hypobiosis in abomasum gastric glands and reemerge in gut lumen as L5)
38
Haemonchus eggs durability
Eggs/L3 quite susceptible to cold and hot/dry conditions
39
Haemonchus pathogenesis
Adult worm feeding
40
Haemonchus clinical signs
Anemia and bottle jaw Dark, tarry stools Weakness, wool loss Mortality
41
FAMACHA
Anemia guide
42
Trichostrongylus (type and species)
Strongylid of cattle, sheep, swine, and horse (strongyle type egg)
43
Nematodirus
Strongylid of cattle and sheep Distinctive eggs (looks like strongyle but larger)
44
Large strongyle (species and ppp)
Horse Long ppp
45
Small strongyle
Horse Long ppp Hypobiosis (larval encystment) can cause diarrhea and dehydration Adult feeding can cause poor growth and decreased performance
46
Stephanurus (Trichostrongyle)
Swine Larva infect liver Adult infect kidney Long ppp
47
Syngamus (gape worm) (species, egg, and life cycle)
Strongyle of birds Ovoid eggs with bipolar plugs Ingestion of L3 and adult worms in trachea and uppwr bronchi
48
Strongylida subclasses
Hookworms Trichostrongyle Strongyle Metastrongyle (lung worm)
49
Which subclasses of strongylida can infect the lungs or CNS
Trichistrongyloidea (only one though- dicyyocaulus) Metastrongyloidea
50
Genus within metastrongyles
Muellerius (caprine, wild ruminants) Parelaphastrongylys (deer, ruminants) Metastringylus (swine) Filaroides (canids) Awlueoatrongylus (felids)
51
Dicytocaulus (animals infected, life cycle, eggs)
Infects large animals (arrested development in horses) Tracheal migration Adults in respiratory tract Embryonated eggs in feces of mules/donkey/foal Eggs hatch in lungs of ruminants who pass L1 larvae Life cycle is direct; ingestion of L3
52
Dictyocaulus diagnostics
Fecal float (eggs) for foals Baermann technique (L1s) for ruminants Transtracheal wash: eggs, L1s, and eosinophils ELISA
53
Which worm can be treated by a vaccine
Dictyocaulus in cattle species only
54
Metastringyloidea characteristics
Adult worms in lungs or CNS Indirect life cycle (gastropod or earth worm) Paratenic hosts sometimes Ovoviviparous Embryonated eggs or L1 larvae in feces
55
Muellerius general features
Domestic goats and sheep, wild ruminants Threadlike worms Worms in resp tract Larvae pass in feces (L1) Intermediate host (snail/slug)
56
Murllerius lifestyle
Tracheal migration Adults in respiratory tract L1 in feces L3 mature in slug/snail Ingestion
57
Muellerius pathology
Coughing, nodule formation
58
Muellerius diagnosis
Clinical signs Bearmann technique for L1
59
Parelaphostrongylus tenius general features
CNS lungworm Moose sickness White tailed deer (natural host) Other ugulates (aberrant hosts) Adults are long thin worms in subdural space Intermediate host: snail/slugs
60
Parelaphostrongylus life cycle
L3s migrate up spinal cord Adults lay eggs in brain which hatch and enter capillaries L1 into lungs and coughed into GI L1 passed in feces and develop into L3 in slug/snail Ingestion
61
Parelaphostrongylus pathology
White tailed deer have no clinical signs Aberrant hosts have weakness, hindlimb paralysis, ataxia, behavioral changes...
62
Parelaphostrongylus diagnosis
Baermann technique (L1) Spinal tap (eosinophilia in CSF)
63
Metastrongylus general features
Swine Earthworm is intermediate host Ovoviviparous eggs Adults in bronchi and bronchioles
64
Metastrongylus life cycle
L3 ingested from worm Tracheal migratuon Adults in respiratory tract Eggs passed in feces
65
Filaroides general features
Canids Adults in mucosa of trachea and bronchi (in nodules) OR in alveolar parenchyma Direct life cycle (L1 infective)
66
Filaroides life cycle
L1s ingested Tracheal migration Adults in respiratory tract L1s passed in feces or saliva
67
Filaroides diagnostics
Fecal floatation (L1) Endoscopy for nodules (F. Osleri only) Transtracheal wash/swab Thoracic radiography
68
F. osleri vs F. Hirthi
F. Osleri has adults in nodules of resp mucosa (treatment ineffective against nodules) F. Hirthi has adults in alveolar parenchyma Direct life
69
Aelurostrongylus spp. general features
Felids Adults in resp tract Oviparous (eggs laid in nests in lungs and hatch) L1 pass in feces Intermediate host snails and slugs Paratenic hosts can be involved
70
Aelurostrongylus life cycle
L3 ingested in intermediate host or paratenic host Tracheal migration Adults in respiratory tract L1 released into environment
71
Aelurostrongylus pathology
Egg induced inflammation (nodules or granulomas) Worms cause alveolar duct and bronchiolar wall thickening
72
Aelurostrongylus diagnosis
Baermann technique (L1) Transtracheal wash (L1 and eosinophilia) Thoracic radiography (focal opacities in lung field)
73
Enoplida order general features
Infect wide variety of hosts Present in GI, resp, urinary tract, and other locations
74
Enoplida species
Trichuris Capillaria Trichinella Dioctophyma
75
Trichuris general features
Whipworm Adults attached to cecum/colon Anterior end often embedded in epithelial mucosa Unembryonated eggs Direct life cycles
76
Trichuris life cycle
Direct Mucosal migration Eggs passed and become L1s (ingested)
77
Trichuris eggs
Yellow, smooth clear shell, symmetrical bipolar plugs Extremely resistant to environment
78
Diagnosis of trichuris
Fecal- eggs Lab- anemia, frank blood in stool; diarrhea Necropsy- adults in cecum/colon Anterior end
79
Capillaria general features
Located in or on epithelial mucosal surfaces Common in fecal, urine, or nasal samples of dogs and cats
80
Capillaria host range
Upper airway- dog, cat, fox, coyote Nasal cavity- dog, fox Bladder, renal pelvis- dog, cat
81
Capillaria life cycle
Ingestion of L1s in environment or paratenic host Species specific migrations (adults in upper airways or nasal cavities release eggs into sputum/gut and into feces whereas adults in bladder release eggs in urine Eggs hatch into L1s in environment
82
Capillaria diagnosis
Fecal- eggs Urinalysis- eggs
83
Capillaria eggs
Shell striated Polar plugs asymmetrical
84
Trichinella general features
Agent of trichunellosis Wide host range: pigs, carnivores, omnivores (people) Adults located in small intestine
85
Trichinella life cycle
Indirect L1 encysted in muscle New host consumes infected meat and L1s become adults in the small intestine Adults release preparvae into blood which encysts in muscle
86
Trichinella spiralis pathology
In humans, severe eosinophilia myositis Muscle pain, fever, resp failure (impairment of diaphragm)
87
Dioctophyma renale (giant kidney worm)
Host: minks are definitive host but worm is not host specific (dogs, foxes, cats, pigs, cows, people) Adults: largest nematode Location: renal pelvis but can be ectopic in body cavities Paratenic hoste: fish, frog, crayfish
88
D. Renale pathology
Hematuria High nitrogen in blood Urinary tract blockage Aberrant migrations into large body cavities
89
D. Renale diagnosis
Urinalysis: eggs Radiology Lapdotomy
90
D. renale eggs
Large, brown/yellow with rough shell surface, bipolar plugs

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