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Nematodes Flashcards

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1
Q

What are Ascarids?

A

Roundworms that interfere with digestion and absorption of nutrients, notably protein

Ascarids can cause telescoping of the intestine in foals.

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2
Q

What is the life cycle of Ascarids?

A

Direct life cycle; larvae migrate through lungs and can cause pneumonia

They build up in large numbers in the anterior part of the small intestine.

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3
Q

What is the maximum length that an Ascarid can grow in 4 weeks?

A

Up to 12 inches

This can lead to blockage of the small intestines.

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4
Q

List the clinical signs of ascariasis.

A
  • Impaction colic
  • Pneumonia
  • Pot belly
  • Unthrifty appearance
  • Poor hair coat
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5
Q

What are the methods for diagnosing Ascarids?

A
  • Clinical signs
  • Fecal flotation
  • Necropsy
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6
Q

What are effective control measures for Ascarids?

A
  • Good sanitation
  • Avoid putting foals in the same pastures year after year
  • Regular worming of foals and young stock
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7
Q

What common wormers are effective against Ascarids?

A
  • Panacur
  • Strongid
  • Ivermectin
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8
Q

What is Parascaris equorum?

A

A nematode commonly found in foals/young horses that can cause impaction and colic

The female can grow up to 40 cm in length.

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9
Q

List the clinical signs of Parascaris equorum.

A
  • Respiratory signs (coughing, nasal discharge)
  • Depression
  • Anorexia
  • Lethargy
  • Poor coat
  • Reduced weight gain
  • Failure to thrive
  • Diarrhea
  • Pot belly
  • Colic
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10
Q

What is the life cycle of Parascaris equorum?

A

Eggs are swallowed, hatch, liberate 2nd stage larvae, which migrate through the liver to the lungs, and return to the small intestine to mature

This process takes about 3 months.

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11
Q

What are the epidemiological characteristics of Parascaris equorum?

A
  • Female worms can lay millions of eggs daily
  • Eggs are resistant to freezing and drying
  • Optimal development temperatures are between 25°C and 35°C
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12
Q

At what age do infection rates in foals begin to decline significantly?

A

By six months old

This is due to age-dependent resistance and a potent immune response.

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13
Q

What is the significance of Toxocara vitulorum?

A

Causes pneumonia in calves and competes for food, leading to diarrhea and weight loss

Larvae can be passed to calves via colostrum.

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14
Q

What is the taxonomic classification of Toxocara canis?

A
  • Kingdom: Animalia
  • Phylum: Nematoda
  • Class: Rhabditea
  • Order: Ascaridida
  • Family: Ascarididae
  • Genus: Toxocara
  • Species: canis
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15
Q

What are the characteristics of Ascarids?

A

Typically very large, stout intestinal worms

They frequently have three large lips.

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16
Q

Fill in the blank: The eggs of Ascaris suum are ______.

A

oval and golden brown with a thick, albuminous shell

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17
Q

What is a potential zoonotic risk associated with Ascaris suum?

A

Ingestion of eggs can lead to zoonotic infections

This is significant for human health.

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18
Q

What are the clinical signs of ascariasis?

A
  • Unthriftiness
  • Failure to gain weight
  • Rough hair coat
  • Pendulous abdomen
  • Chronic cough
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19
Q

How long does it take for Toxocara vitulorum eggs to develop to the infective stage?

A

Approximately 17 days

This occurs on pasture.

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20
Q

What is the kingdom classification of Toxocara canis?

A

Animalia

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21
Q

What phylum does Toxocara canis belong to?

A

Nematoda

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22
Q

What is the class of Toxocara canis?

A

Rhabditea

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23
Q

What order does Toxocara canis fall under?

A

Ascaridida

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24
Q

What family is Toxocara canis a part of?

A

Ascarididae

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25
What is the genus of Toxocara canis?
Toxocara
26
What is the species name of Toxocara canis?
canis
27
What type of organism is Toxocara canis commonly referred to as?
Roundworm
28
What is the definitive host for Toxocara canis?
Dogs and other canids
29
What is a paratenic host for Toxocara canis?
Rodents
30
What type of host are humans in the context of Toxocara canis?
Accidental host
31
How can a puppy be born infected with Toxocara canis?
Dormant juveniles activated by host hormones during late pregnancy
32
What happens to Toxocara canis juveniles in older dogs?
They do not complete lung migration and enter developmental arrest
33
What is the typical morphology of adult Toxocara canis?
Round body with spiky cranial and caudal parts, yellow cuticula
34
What is the size range of male Toxocara canis worms?
9–13 cm × 0.2–0.25 cm
35
What is the size range of female Toxocara canis worms?
10–18 cm × 0.25–0.3 cm
36
What is the shape and size of Toxocara canis eggs?
Oval or spherical, 72 to 85 μm, thick-walled, granulated surface
37
What is the life cycle initiation stage for Toxocara canis?
Unembryonated eggs are released in feces and form embryos in the environment
38
How do humans become infected with Toxocara canis?
By ingesting infective eggs in contaminated soil
39
What are the two main clinical presentations of toxocariasis?
* Visceral Larva Migrans (VLM) * Ocular Larva Migrans (OLM)
40
What are some physical symptoms of Visceral Larva Migrans?
* Fatigue * Anorexia * Weight loss * Pneumonia * Fever * Cough * Abdominal pain * Headaches * Rashes * Seizures
41
What causes Ocular Larva Migrans?
Migration of larvae into the posterior segment of the eye
42
What is a common symptom of Ocular Larva Migrans?
Decreased vision
43
What is the recommended treatment for severe symptoms of toxocariasis?
Mebendazole
44
What hygiene practices should be followed to prevent Toxocara canis infection?
* Clean pet's living area weekly * Dispose of feces properly * Teach children to wash hands
45
What is the life cycle of Oxyuris equi?
Eggs ingested, hatch in intestine, adults live in intestines and migrate to anus to lay eggs
46
What are the hosts for Oxyuris equi?
Equidae
47
What is the site of Oxyuris equi infection?
Colon and caecum
48
What is the prepatent period for Enterobius vermicularis?
About five months
49
What are the main clinical effects of Enterobius vermicularis on the host?
Intense itching, self-inflicted wounds, nervousness, and anorexia
50
What can be used to collect eggs for microscopic examination in the diagnosis of Enterobius vermicularis?
Transparent adhesive tape
51
What is the treatment for Enterobius vermicularis infection?
Mebendazole, cambendazole, Dichlorvos
52
What is the kingdom and phylum of Enterobius vermicularis?
Kingdom: Animalia, Phylum: Nematoda
53
What is the typical size of adult female Enterobius vermicularis?
8 to 13 mm
54
True or False: Enterobius vermicularis is highly pathogenic.
False
55
What is the morphology of the eggs of Enterobius vermicularis?
50 to 60 m by 25 µm, persimmon seed-like, colorless, transparent, thick and asymmetric shell
56
Fill in the blank: Enterobius vermicularis infects the _______.
Large intestine
57
What are the common symptoms of pinworm infections in children?
Loss of appetite, abdominal pain, insomnia, and restlessness
58
What is the distribution of Enterobius vermicularis?
Worldwide, especially in areas with poor hygiene practices
59
What is the infective route for Enterobius vermicularis?
By mouth without an intermediate host
60
What is the life span of female Enterobius vermicularis adults?
1-2 months
61
What is the site of habitation of Heterakis gallinarum?
Caeca
62
What are the dimensions of Heterakis gallinarum eggs?
65-77 by 35-48 µm
63
What is the typical morphology of Heterakis gallinarum?
Roundworm morphology with a cuticle, esophagus ending in a valved bulb, and three papillae-lined lips
64
What is the primary host for Heterakis gallinarum?
Most birds
65
What is the clinical significance of Heterakis gallinarum infection?
Mildly pathogenic, but can play a role as a carrier for Histomonas meleagridis
66
What is the treatment for Heterakis gallinarum infection?
Mebendazole
67
What can contribute to the cause of infections in poultry from Heterakis gallinarum?
Earthworms ingesting the eggs
68
What is a common site for Ascaridia infections?
Small intestine
69
What species of Ascaridia infects all fowl?
Ascaridia galli
70
What is the effect of heavy Heterakis gallinarum infection?
Thickening of the caecal mucosa with petechial hemorrhages
71
What is the common diagnostic method for Heterakis gallinarum?
Presence of eggs in host feces
72
What environmental factors can facilitate Heterakis gallinarum infections?
Presence of eggs in soil for years
73
What is the primary site of Ascaridia infection in birds?
Small intestine ## Footnote Ascaridia is a common parasite found in various bird species.
74
Name one species of Ascaridia that affects turkeys.
A. dissmilis ## Footnote A. dissmilis specifically targets turkeys.
75
What is the size range for male and female A. galli?
Males: up to 8 cm; Females: up to 12 cm ## Footnote A. galli is one of the larger ascaridoids in poultry.
76
How long does it take for Ascaridia eggs to become infective?
Two or three weeks ## Footnote This period is crucial for the lifecycle of the parasite.
77
What is the prepatent period for A. galli in young chicks?
Five to six weeks ## Footnote This period varies with the age of the bird.
78
What is the main pathogenic effect of Ascaridia?
Mechanical obstruction of the intestine ## Footnote The large size of the worms can lead to intestinal occlusion.
79
What is the method of diagnosis for Ascaridia?
Eggs in feces or worms in intestine at autopsy ## Footnote This is a common method used in veterinary diagnostics.
80
What are the clinical signs of Strongyloides infection?
Anorexia, weight loss, diarrhea, moderate anemia ## Footnote These symptoms indicate gastrointestinal distress.
81
What is the primary site of infection for Strongyloides species?
Small intestine ## Footnote This is where the parasites primarily reside and cause damage.
82
Name one species of Strongyloides that infects fowl.
S. avium ## Footnote S. avium specifically targets birds.
83
What is the primary pathogenic effect of Strongyloides?
Erosion of intestinal mucosa and fluid loss ## Footnote This can lead to significant health issues in infected hosts.
84
What is the common name for Strongylus vulgaris?
Common horse parasite, also known as redworm or bloodworm ## Footnote It is one of the most harmful parasites in horses.
85
What is the life cycle of Strongylus vulgaris?
Larvae ingested on grass or water, adults live in large intestine, eggs released in feces ## Footnote This cycle is crucial for transmission and infection.
86
What are the pathogenic effects of Strongylus vulgaris larvae?
Erosive effects on the gut, potential for aneurysm and thrombosis ## Footnote The larvae can cause severe damage to the host's vascular system.
87
What is the primary method for preventing Strongylus infections in horses?
Remove manure daily, rotate pastures, and provide clean water ## Footnote These practices help reduce parasite load in the environment.
88
What are the three classes of dewormers?
* Macrocyclic lactone (Ivermectin) * Benzimidazole * Pyrantel ## Footnote Each class works differently against various stages of parasites.
89
True or False: Strongyloides larvae are resistant to desiccation.
False ## Footnote Maintaining hygiene and dry conditions is important for control.
90
Fill in the blank: The prepatent period for Strongyloides infection varies depending on the _______.
[age of the host] ## Footnote The age of the host can significantly affect the lifecycle duration.
91
What is the purpose of yearly veterinarian exams?
To ensure the health and well-being of animals
92
What are 'red worms' commonly referred to in veterinary terms?
Dewormers
93
What are the three classes of dewormers?
* Macrocyclic lactone (Ivermectin) * Benzimidazole * Pyrantel
94
What are the two types of dewormers?
* Daily (added to feed) * Purge (paste or on-feed treatments)
95
What is the type species of Triodontophorus?
T. serratus
96
What is the commonest species of Triodontophorus?
T. tenuicollis
97
What is the size range of T. serratus males and females?
* Males: up to 20mm * Females: up to 26mm
98
What is the life cycle pattern typical of nematodes?
Direct pattern
99
What serious effects can non-migratory strongylines cause?
* Ulceration of the mucosa * Anaemia
100
What hosts are affected by Chabertia?
* Sheep * Goat * Cattle
101
What is the site of Chabertia infection?
Colon
102
What is the appearance of Chabertia grossly?
White with a sharply truncate, enlarged anterior due to a large buccal capsule
103
What is the size of male and female Chabertia?
* Males: about 1.4cm * Females: about 2cm
104
What is the prepatent period for Chabertia?
Seven weeks
105
What hosts are affected by Oesophagostomum?
* Ruminants * Pigs
106
What is the common site for Oesophagostomum?
Caecum and colon
107
What are the main species of Oesophagostomum?
* Oe. columbianum * Oe. venulosum * Oe. radiatum * Oe. dentatum * Oe. quadrispinulatum
108
What is a defining feature of Oesophagostomum worms?
Stout, white worms with a curled body and a bent head
109
What is the life cycle characteristic of Oesophagostomum?
Non-migratory phase with L3 entering mucosa and forming nodules
110
What is the pathological significance of Oe. columbianum?
Causes severe wasting disease and gut damage
111
What is the primary site of infection for Ostertagia?
Abomasum
112
What are the main species of Ostertagia?
* O. ostertagi * O. circumcincta * O. trifurcata
113
What is the prepatent period for Ostertagia?
Three weeks
114
What are clinical signs of Ostertagia infection?
* Profuse, watery diarrhea * Dehydration * Bottle jaw * Cobblestone lesions in abomasum
115
What is the effect of Ostertagia on abomasal mucosa?
Destruction of HCl-producing parietal cells, leading to increased pH
116
What is the size range of Trichostrongylus worms?
* Males: 5.5 to 7mm * Females: 6 to 8mm
117
What is the site of infection for Trichostrongylus?
Alimentary tract
118
What are the species of Trichostrongylus?
* T. colubriformis * T. vitrinius * T. axei * T. capricola * T. probolurus
119
What is the primary site of infection for T. axei?
Abomasum of ruminants and stomach of Equidae ## Footnote T. axei is also rarely found in pigs.
120
Which species of Trichostrongylus primarily infects sheep and goats?
T. capricola ## Footnote T. capricola is associated with the small intestine of sheep and goats.
121
What characterizes the life cycle of Trichostrongylus?
Typical of the super family; L3 present within a week under optimal conditions ## Footnote The life cycle includes a preparasitic phase.
122
What type of disease may the worms be associated with?
Chronic wasting disease or acute, often fatal infection ## Footnote This indicates the severity of infections caused by these parasites.
123
What is the main host for Cooperia?
Ruminants ## Footnote Cooperia primarily infects ruminants and has a worldwide distribution.
124
How long can Cooperia worms grow?
Up to 1 cm ## Footnote They are described as very small, pinkish worms.
125
What is a notable morphological feature of Cooperia species?
Very small cephalic vesicle and transverse cuticular striations ## Footnote These features are especially marked in this genus.
126
What is the significance of the spicules in Cooperia?
Characteristic for each species, often with transverse grooves ## Footnote C. surabada is a notable exception to this feature.
127
What is the prepatent period for C. curticei?
About fifteen days ## Footnote The prepatent period is the time from infection until eggs are produced.
128
What does Cooperia typically cause in calves?
Parasitic enteritis ## Footnote It can be of major importance in certain geographical areas.
129
What is Haemonchus commonly known as?
Barber Pole Worm ## Footnote This is due to its distinctive appearance.
130
What is the primary impact of Haemonchus on its host?
Causes blood plasma and protein loss ## Footnote This occurs through its action in the abomasum.
131
Which species is primarily responsible for infection in sheep and goats?
H. contortus ## Footnote This is the type species of Haemonchus.
132
What is the prepatent period for H. contortus in sheep?
Between twelve and fifteen days ## Footnote This varies depending on the host species.
133
What are common symptoms of Haemonchus infection?
* Pale mucous membranes * Edema (bottle jaw) * Diarrhea * Weak and listless behavior * Rough coat * Death in severe cases ## Footnote Young animals and pregnant females are particularly vulnerable.
134
What is a key diagnostic method for Haemonchus?
Finding eggs in feces ## Footnote This is a common method used to diagnose parasitic infections.
135
What is Levamisole used for in the treatment of Haemonchus?
First-line treatment with low resistance prevalence ## Footnote It is not used much, resulting in lower resistance rates.
136
What is a potential issue with Moxidectin treatment?
Resistance becoming common where used frequently ## Footnote Moxidectin is still effective against IVM-resistant H. contortus.
137
What makes control of Haemonchus difficult?
Short, direct life cycle and prolific egg production ## Footnote It can also enter a hypobiotic state during dry seasons.
138
What are Ascarids?
Roundworms that interfere with digestion and absorption of nutrients, notably protein ## Footnote Ascarids can cause telescoping of the intestine in foals.
139
What is the life cycle of Ascarids?
Direct life cycle; larvae migrate through lungs and can cause pneumonia ## Footnote They build up in large numbers in the anterior part of the small intestine.
140
What is the maximum length that an Ascarid can grow in 4 weeks?
Up to 12 inches ## Footnote This can lead to blockage of the small intestines.
141
List the clinical signs of ascariasis.
* Impaction colic * Pneumonia * Pot belly * Unthrifty appearance * Poor hair coat
142
What are the methods for diagnosing Ascarids?
* Clinical signs * Fecal flotation * Necropsy
143
What are effective control measures for Ascarids?
* Good sanitation * Avoid putting foals in the same pastures year after year * Regular worming of foals and young stock
144
What common wormers are effective against Ascarids?
* Panacur * Strongid * Ivermectin
145
What is Parascaris equorum?
A nematode commonly found in foals/young horses that can cause impaction and colic ## Footnote The female can grow up to 40 cm in length.
146
List the clinical signs of Parascaris equorum.
* Respiratory signs (coughing, nasal discharge) * Depression * Anorexia * Lethargy * Poor coat * Reduced weight gain * Failure to thrive * Diarrhea * Pot belly * Colic
147
What is the life cycle of Parascaris equorum?
Eggs are swallowed, hatch, liberate 2nd stage larvae, which migrate through the liver to the lungs, and return to the small intestine to mature ## Footnote This process takes about 3 months.
148
What are the epidemiological characteristics of Parascaris equorum?
* Female worms can lay millions of eggs daily * Eggs are resistant to freezing and drying * Optimal development temperatures are between 25°C and 35°C
149
At what age do infection rates in foals begin to decline significantly?
By six months old ## Footnote This is due to age-dependent resistance and a potent immune response.
150
What is the significance of Toxocara vitulorum?
Causes pneumonia in calves and competes for food, leading to diarrhea and weight loss ## Footnote Larvae can be passed to calves via colostrum.
151
What is the taxonomic classification of Toxocara canis?
* Kingdom: Animalia * Phylum: Nematoda * Class: Rhabditea * Order: Ascaridida * Family: Ascarididae * Genus: Toxocara * Species: canis
152
What are the characteristics of Ascarids?
Typically very large, stout intestinal worms ## Footnote They frequently have three large lips.
153
Fill in the blank: The eggs of Ascaris suum are ______.
oval and golden brown with a thick, albuminous shell
154
What is a potential zoonotic risk associated with Ascaris suum?
Ingestion of eggs can lead to zoonotic infections ## Footnote This is significant for human health.
155
What are the clinical signs of ascariasis?
* Unthriftiness * Failure to gain weight * Rough hair coat * Pendulous abdomen * Chronic cough
156
How long does it take for Toxocara vitulorum eggs to develop to the infective stage?
Approximately 17 days ## Footnote This occurs on pasture.
157
What is the kingdom classification of Toxocara canis?
Animalia
158
What phylum does Toxocara canis belong to?
Nematoda
159
What is the class of Toxocara canis?
Rhabditea
160
What order does Toxocara canis fall under?
Ascaridida
161
What family is Toxocara canis a part of?
Ascarididae
162
What is the genus of Toxocara canis?
Toxocara
163
What is the species name of Toxocara canis?
canis
164
What type of organism is Toxocara canis commonly referred to as?
Roundworm
165
What is the definitive host for Toxocara canis?
Dogs and other canids
166
What is a paratenic host for Toxocara canis?
Rodents
167
What type of host are humans in the context of Toxocara canis?
Accidental host
168
How can a puppy be born infected with Toxocara canis?
Dormant juveniles activated by host hormones during late pregnancy
169
What happens to Toxocara canis juveniles in older dogs?
They do not complete lung migration and enter developmental arrest
170
What is the typical morphology of adult Toxocara canis?
Round body with spiky cranial and caudal parts, yellow cuticula
171
What is the size range of male Toxocara canis worms?
9–13 cm × 0.2–0.25 cm
172
What is the size range of female Toxocara canis worms?
10–18 cm × 0.25–0.3 cm
173
What is the shape and size of Toxocara canis eggs?
Oval or spherical, 72 to 85 μm, thick-walled, granulated surface
174
What is the life cycle initiation stage for Toxocara canis?
Unembryonated eggs are released in feces and form embryos in the environment
175
How do humans become infected with Toxocara canis?
By ingesting infective eggs in contaminated soil
176
What are the two main clinical presentations of toxocariasis?
* Visceral Larva Migrans (VLM) * Ocular Larva Migrans (OLM)
177
What are some physical symptoms of Visceral Larva Migrans?
* Fatigue * Anorexia * Weight loss * Pneumonia * Fever * Cough * Abdominal pain * Headaches * Rashes * Seizures
178
What causes Ocular Larva Migrans?
Migration of larvae into the posterior segment of the eye
179
What is a common symptom of Ocular Larva Migrans?
Decreased vision
180
What is the recommended treatment for severe symptoms of toxocariasis?
Mebendazole
181
What hygiene practices should be followed to prevent Toxocara canis infection?
* Clean pet's living area weekly * Dispose of feces properly * Teach children to wash hands
182
What is the life cycle of Oxyuris equi?
Eggs ingested, hatch in intestine, adults live in intestines and migrate to anus to lay eggs
183
What are the hosts for Oxyuris equi?
Equidae
184
What is the site of Oxyuris equi infection?
Colon and caecum
185
What is the prepatent period for Enterobius vermicularis?
About five months
186
What are the main clinical effects of Enterobius vermicularis on the host?
Intense itching, self-inflicted wounds, nervousness, and anorexia
187
What can be used to collect eggs for microscopic examination in the diagnosis of Enterobius vermicularis?
Transparent adhesive tape
188
What is the treatment for Enterobius vermicularis infection?
Mebendazole, cambendazole, Dichlorvos
189
What is the kingdom and phylum of Enterobius vermicularis?
Kingdom: Animalia, Phylum: Nematoda
190
What is the typical size of adult female Enterobius vermicularis?
8 to 13 mm
191
True or False: Enterobius vermicularis is highly pathogenic.
False
192
What is the morphology of the eggs of Enterobius vermicularis?
50 to 60 m by 25 µm, persimmon seed-like, colorless, transparent, thick and asymmetric shell
193
Fill in the blank: Enterobius vermicularis infects the _______.
Large intestine
194
What are the common symptoms of pinworm infections in children?
Loss of appetite, abdominal pain, insomnia, and restlessness
195
What is the distribution of Enterobius vermicularis?
Worldwide, especially in areas with poor hygiene practices
196
What is the infective route for Enterobius vermicularis?
By mouth without an intermediate host
197
What is the life span of female Enterobius vermicularis adults?
1-2 months
198
What is the site of habitation of Heterakis gallinarum?
Caeca
199
What are the dimensions of Heterakis gallinarum eggs?
65-77 by 35-48 µm
200
What is the typical morphology of Heterakis gallinarum?
Roundworm morphology with a cuticle, esophagus ending in a valved bulb, and three papillae-lined lips
201
What is the primary host for Heterakis gallinarum?
Most birds
202
What is the clinical significance of Heterakis gallinarum infection?
Mildly pathogenic, but can play a role as a carrier for Histomonas meleagridis
203
What is the treatment for Heterakis gallinarum infection?
Mebendazole
204
What can contribute to the cause of infections in poultry from Heterakis gallinarum?
Earthworms ingesting the eggs
205
What is a common site for Ascaridia infections?
Small intestine
206
What species of Ascaridia infects all fowl?
Ascaridia galli
207
What is the effect of heavy Heterakis gallinarum infection?
Thickening of the caecal mucosa with petechial hemorrhages
208
What is the common diagnostic method for Heterakis gallinarum?
Presence of eggs in host feces
209
What environmental factors can facilitate Heterakis gallinarum infections?
Presence of eggs in soil for years
210
What is the primary site of Ascaridia infection in birds?
Small intestine ## Footnote Ascaridia is a common parasite found in various bird species.
211
Name one species of Ascaridia that affects turkeys.
A. dissmilis ## Footnote A. dissmilis specifically targets turkeys.
212
What is the size range for male and female A. galli?
Males: up to 8 cm; Females: up to 12 cm ## Footnote A. galli is one of the larger ascaridoids in poultry.
213
How long does it take for Ascaridia eggs to become infective?
Two or three weeks ## Footnote This period is crucial for the lifecycle of the parasite.
214
What is the prepatent period for A. galli in young chicks?
Five to six weeks ## Footnote This period varies with the age of the bird.
215
What is the main pathogenic effect of Ascaridia?
Mechanical obstruction of the intestine ## Footnote The large size of the worms can lead to intestinal occlusion.
216
What is the method of diagnosis for Ascaridia?
Eggs in feces or worms in intestine at autopsy ## Footnote This is a common method used in veterinary diagnostics.
217
What are the clinical signs of Strongyloides infection?
Anorexia, weight loss, diarrhea, moderate anemia ## Footnote These symptoms indicate gastrointestinal distress.
218
What is the primary site of infection for Strongyloides species?
Small intestine ## Footnote This is where the parasites primarily reside and cause damage.
219
Name one species of Strongyloides that infects fowl.
S. avium ## Footnote S. avium specifically targets birds.
220
What is the primary pathogenic effect of Strongyloides?
Erosion of intestinal mucosa and fluid loss ## Footnote This can lead to significant health issues in infected hosts.
221
What is the common name for Strongylus vulgaris?
Common horse parasite, also known as redworm or bloodworm ## Footnote It is one of the most harmful parasites in horses.
222
What is the life cycle of Strongylus vulgaris?
Larvae ingested on grass or water, adults live in large intestine, eggs released in feces ## Footnote This cycle is crucial for transmission and infection.
223
What are the pathogenic effects of Strongylus vulgaris larvae?
Erosive effects on the gut, potential for aneurysm and thrombosis ## Footnote The larvae can cause severe damage to the host's vascular system.
224
What is the primary method for preventing Strongylus infections in horses?
Remove manure daily, rotate pastures, and provide clean water ## Footnote These practices help reduce parasite load in the environment.
225
What are the three classes of dewormers?
* Macrocyclic lactone (Ivermectin) * Benzimidazole * Pyrantel ## Footnote Each class works differently against various stages of parasites.
226
True or False: Strongyloides larvae are resistant to desiccation.
False ## Footnote Maintaining hygiene and dry conditions is important for control.
227
Fill in the blank: The prepatent period for Strongyloides infection varies depending on the _______.
[age of the host] ## Footnote The age of the host can significantly affect the lifecycle duration.
228
What is the purpose of yearly veterinarian exams?
To ensure the health and well-being of animals
229
What are 'red worms' commonly referred to in veterinary terms?
Dewormers
230
What are the three classes of dewormers?
* Macrocyclic lactone (Ivermectin) * Benzimidazole * Pyrantel
231
What are the two types of dewormers?
* Daily (added to feed) * Purge (paste or on-feed treatments)
232
What is the type species of Triodontophorus?
T. serratus
233
What is the commonest species of Triodontophorus?
T. tenuicollis
234
What is the size range of T. serratus males and females?
* Males: up to 20mm * Females: up to 26mm
235
What is the life cycle pattern typical of nematodes?
Direct pattern
236
What serious effects can non-migratory strongylines cause?
* Ulceration of the mucosa * Anaemia
237
What hosts are affected by Chabertia?
* Sheep * Goat * Cattle
238
What is the site of Chabertia infection?
Colon
239
What is the appearance of Chabertia grossly?
White with a sharply truncate, enlarged anterior due to a large buccal capsule
240
What is the size of male and female Chabertia?
* Males: about 1.4cm * Females: about 2cm
241
What is the prepatent period for Chabertia?
Seven weeks
242
What hosts are affected by Oesophagostomum?
* Ruminants * Pigs
243
What is the common site for Oesophagostomum?
Caecum and colon
244
What are the main species of Oesophagostomum?
* Oe. columbianum * Oe. venulosum * Oe. radiatum * Oe. dentatum * Oe. quadrispinulatum
245
What is a defining feature of Oesophagostomum worms?
Stout, white worms with a curled body and a bent head
246
What is the life cycle characteristic of Oesophagostomum?
Non-migratory phase with L3 entering mucosa and forming nodules
247
What is the pathological significance of Oe. columbianum?
Causes severe wasting disease and gut damage
248
What is the primary site of infection for Ostertagia?
Abomasum
249
What are the main species of Ostertagia?
* O. ostertagi * O. circumcincta * O. trifurcata
250
What is the prepatent period for Ostertagia?
Three weeks
251
What are clinical signs of Ostertagia infection?
* Profuse, watery diarrhea * Dehydration * Bottle jaw * Cobblestone lesions in abomasum
252
What is the effect of Ostertagia on abomasal mucosa?
Destruction of HCl-producing parietal cells, leading to increased pH
253
What is the size range of Trichostrongylus worms?
* Males: 5.5 to 7mm * Females: 6 to 8mm
254
What is the site of infection for Trichostrongylus?
Alimentary tract
255
What are the species of Trichostrongylus?
* T. colubriformis * T. vitrinius * T. axei * T. capricola * T. probolurus
256
What is the primary site of infection for T. axei?
Abomasum of ruminants and stomach of Equidae ## Footnote T. axei is also rarely found in pigs.
257
Which species of Trichostrongylus primarily infects sheep and goats?
T. capricola ## Footnote T. capricola is associated with the small intestine of sheep and goats.
258
What characterizes the life cycle of Trichostrongylus?
Typical of the super family; L3 present within a week under optimal conditions ## Footnote The life cycle includes a preparasitic phase.
259
What type of disease may the worms be associated with?
Chronic wasting disease or acute, often fatal infection ## Footnote This indicates the severity of infections caused by these parasites.
260
What is the main host for Cooperia?
Ruminants ## Footnote Cooperia primarily infects ruminants and has a worldwide distribution.
261
How long can Cooperia worms grow?
Up to 1 cm ## Footnote They are described as very small, pinkish worms.
262
What is a notable morphological feature of Cooperia species?
Very small cephalic vesicle and transverse cuticular striations ## Footnote These features are especially marked in this genus.
263
What is the significance of the spicules in Cooperia?
Characteristic for each species, often with transverse grooves ## Footnote C. surabada is a notable exception to this feature.
264
What is the prepatent period for C. curticei?
About fifteen days ## Footnote The prepatent period is the time from infection until eggs are produced.
265
What does Cooperia typically cause in calves?
Parasitic enteritis ## Footnote It can be of major importance in certain geographical areas.
266
What is Haemonchus commonly known as?
Barber Pole Worm ## Footnote This is due to its distinctive appearance.
267
What is the primary impact of Haemonchus on its host?
Causes blood plasma and protein loss ## Footnote This occurs through its action in the abomasum.
268
Which species is primarily responsible for infection in sheep and goats?
H. contortus ## Footnote This is the type species of Haemonchus.
269
What is the prepatent period for H. contortus in sheep?
Between twelve and fifteen days ## Footnote This varies depending on the host species.
270
What are common symptoms of Haemonchus infection?
* Pale mucous membranes * Edema (bottle jaw) * Diarrhea * Weak and listless behavior * Rough coat * Death in severe cases ## Footnote Young animals and pregnant females are particularly vulnerable.
271
What is a key diagnostic method for Haemonchus?
Finding eggs in feces ## Footnote This is a common method used to diagnose parasitic infections.
272
What is Levamisole used for in the treatment of Haemonchus?
First-line treatment with low resistance prevalence ## Footnote It is not used much, resulting in lower resistance rates.
273
What is a potential issue with Moxidectin treatment?
Resistance becoming common where used frequently ## Footnote Moxidectin is still effective against IVM-resistant H. contortus.
274
What makes control of Haemonchus difficult?
Short, direct life cycle and prolific egg production ## Footnote It can also enter a hypobiotic state during dry seasons.

Parasitology (1 decks)

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