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Nematodes: lungworms Flashcards

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1
Q

Lungworms affect what animal species?

A

All sorts!

Diff spp. of lungworm affect diff animal species.

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2
Q

Name the 3 main families to belong to SuperFamily Metastrongyloidea.

A

Metastrongylidae
Protostrongylidae
Angiostrongylidae

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3
Q

Bovine lungworm infection in caused by what species of nematode?

A

Dictyocaulus viviparus

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4
Q

Common names for bovine lungworm disease (5)

A

dictyocaulosis

Parasitic bronchiolitis
Parasitic pneumonia

Verminous pneumonia
“Husk” or ”Hoose”

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5
Q

Geographical distribution of Dictyocaulus viviparus.
And seasonality?

A

bovine lungworm

worldwide
In climates with heavy rainfall

Endemic areas in northern hemisphere
Symptoms seen from July to September

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6
Q

Signs of Dictyocaulus viviparus is usually seen in what age and breed demographic?

A

bovine lungworm

Calves in their first grazing season.

Dairy and dairy-cross breed or autumn-born beef calves in early summer.

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7
Q

Parasitic bronchitis from bovine lungworm in Adults is only seen in 2 cases:

A
  1. Herd/age phenomenon - failed to acquire natural immunity+heavy infection
  2. Individual phenomenon - penned in heavily contaminated calf paddock
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8
Q

Describe Immunity toward bovine lungworm:

A

Patent infection lasts 2-3 months due to immunity (otherwise is longer).

Re-infection important to maintain immunity
Older cattle with lungworm typically have no clinical signs

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9
Q

Bovine lungworm survival strategies in endemic areas:

A
  • Fungus Pilobolus (image) helps in larva distribution
  • Mechanical transmission: boots, feet, birds
  • Paratenic hosts (act as a reseroir)
  • Overwintered L3 from autumn to late spring
  • Carrier animals with inhibited worms in bronchi (yearlings)
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10
Q

Morphology of bovine lungworms.

A

Threadlike adults With small buccal capsule
Adult 4-8cm - Well developed bursa - Two short spicules

L1 has granular appearance, 300–360 μm

To distinguish from sheep lungworm D. filaria:
Has an anterior knob

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11
Q

Life cycle of bovine lungworm/ Dictyocaulus viviparus.

A

Direct
L3 infective and ingested

In the host:
Larva travels to lungs & alveoli through lymph, blood by 1 week after infection.

Adults in bronchi, trachea
Eggs produced in lungs

Ovoviviparous - the larvae hatch very fast

L1 travels to trachea, coughed up, swallowed to intestines, end up in feces.

Outside:
Develops in 4 - 12 days
Larva distributed with fungus spores (Pilobolus)

Prepatent period: 3-4 weeks, 21 days
Patency: several years

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12
Q

Pathogenesis and clinical signs of bovine lungworm/ Dictyocaulus viviparus.
Four stages, describe the 1st.

A
  1. Penetration phase (day 1-7 pi)
    - Larvae migration - no signs

(2. Prepatent phase (day 8-25 pi) follows
- Larvae develop in the lungs
Signs: cough, increased respiratory rate)

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13
Q

Pathogenesis and clinical signs of bovine lungworm/ Dictyocaulus viviparus.
Four stages, describe the 2nd.

A
  1. Prepatent phase (day 8-25 pi)
    - Larvae develop in the lungs
    * haemorrhages
    * necrosis
    * alveolitis
    * bronchiolitis
    * bronchitis
    Signs: cough, increased respiratory rate

(3. Patent phase (day 25-60) follows)

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14
Q

Pathogenesis and clinical signs of bovine lungworm/ Dictyocaulus viviparus.
Four stages, describe the 3rd.

A
  1. Patent phase (day 25-60)
    Two lesions:
    a) parasitic bronchitis - larvae in bronchial lumen
    b) dark-red collapsed areas - aspiration of eggs and L1 into alveoli
  • Pulmonary compression, emphysema,
    granulomatous pneumonia, lobular atelectasis - caudal lobes

Signs:
increased respiratory rate, dyspnea
cough, crepitation, harsh sounds - air hunger
nasal discharge
emaciation - not feeding - growth depression
apathy (saw-horse position)
fever
deaths common (with sec. bacterial infection)

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15
Q

Pathogenesis and clinical signs of bovine lungworm/ Dictyocaulus viviparus.
Four stages, describe the 4th.

A
  1. Post patent phase (day 60+)
    a) Recovery phase in untreated animals
    b) In 25% of heavily infected animals a flare-up of clinical signs occurrs

Caused by:
1. Lung epithelialization, gas exchange impaired + interstitial emphysema, oedema
Aspiration of dead/dying larva into alveoli

  1. Sec. bacterial infection + imperfectly healed lungs

Mild – cough intermittently, when exercised

Moderate – bouts of coughing at rest, tachypnoea

Severe – severe tachypnoea, „air-hunger“, salivation, anorexia, sounds on auscultation, dyspnea. Reduced milk yield in older cattle

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16
Q

Name 3 small ruminant lungworms, english + latin.

A

Dictyocaulus filaria/ large lungworm

Protostrongylus rufescens/ red lungworm

Muellerius capillaris/ nodular lungworm
(Most common)

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17
Q

Most common small ruminant lungworm?

A

Muellerius capillaris/ nodular lungworm

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18
Q

Small ruminant lungworms:
Hosts and epidemiology
(final and intermediate hosts

A

Final hosts: sheep, goat, deer, wild small ruminants

Intermediate hosts: snails, slugs

Prevalence increases with age

D. filaria prevalence lower in adults though.

Ewes may carry hypobiotic larvae in their lungs during winter.
Usually mild with no clinical signs
Coughing and weight loss in heavy infections

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19
Q

Small ruminant lungworms:
Latin name and Morphology of small ru large lungworm.

A

Dictyocaulus filaria/ small ru large lungworm

D. filaria (4-10cm) - white
- L1 dark Food granules (intestine visible)
- Blunt tail in female L1
- Male spicules dark, stout

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20
Q

Small ruminant lungworms:
Latin name and Morphology of small ru red lungworm.

A

Protostrongylus rufescens/ red lungworm

P. rufescens (4-6cm) - reddish
- Conoid tail in female L1
- Small bursa in male
- Long comb-like spicules

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21
Q

Small ruminant lungworms:
Latin name and Morphology of small ru nodular lungworm.

A

Muellerius capillaris/ nodular lungworm
(Most common out of the small ru lungworms)

M. capillaris (12-25cm) - grey-reddish
- L1 S-shaped wavy tail in female
- Male tail spirally coiled
- Male bursa folded inwards, small
- Embedded deeply into lung tissue

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22
Q

identify

A

Protostrongylus rufescens/ small ru red lungworm

P. rufescens (4-6cm) - reddish
- Conoid tail in female L1
- Small bursa in male
- Long comb-like spicules

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23
Q

identify

A

Muellerius capillaris/ nodular lungworm
(Most common out of the small ru lungworms)

M. capillaris (12-25cm) - grey-reddish
- L1 S-shaped wavy tail in female
- Male tail spirally coiled
- Male bursa folded inwards, small
- Embedded deeply into lung tissue

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24
Q

Life cycle of D. filaria.

A

Dictyocaulus filaria/ small ru large lungworm life cycle similar to bovine lungworm life cycle.

Prepatent period 26-30 days (4+ weeks)

In the final host:
L3 travels to lungs - lymphatic-vascular migration route
Moults in lymph nodes and lungs
Female ovoviviparous – lays eggs in lungs and they hatch fast
L1 travels to intestines and passed in feces

In the intermediate host:
L1 penetrates the mollusc feet and develops to L3

Prepatent period: 5-9 weeks
Patency: several years

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25
Life cycle of Fam. Protostrongylidae.
Indirect, infection from intermediate host with L3. In the final host: L3 travels to lungs - lymphatic-vascular migration route Moults in lymph nodes and lungs Female ovoviviparous – lays eggs in lungs and hatches fast L1 travels to intestines and passed in faeces In the intermediate host: L1 penetrates the mollusc feet and develops to L3 Prepatent period: 5-9 weeks Patency: several years
26
Name 3 spp. Pig lungworms.
Genus Metastrongylus Species: M. apri (elongatus) M. pudendotectus M. salmi
27
Final & Intermediate hosts of pig lungworms.
Final hosts: Pig, wild boar Intermediate host: Earthworms
28
Geographical distribution & Localization: of pig lungworms.
Geographical distribution: worldwide - High prevalence in wild boar & outdoor raised. Localization: lumen of small bronchi and bronchioles (lung), posterior lobes
29
Pig lungworms Morphology.
Adults up to 6 cm White worms Female posterior end hook-shaped Females have prevulvar swelling EGGS are passed in feces, NOT LARVAE. Eggs larvated 55-61x45-50 μm Rough shell Pig lungworm species: M. apri (elongatus) M. pudendotectus M. salmi
30
Life cycle of pig lungworms.
Indirect - Infection from intermediate host with L3. In the host: L3 travels to mesenteric lymph nodes Further travels to heart and lungs Larva settles in the bronchi and lays eggs Eggs in the feces In the intermediate host: Ingests L1 or egg L1 develops into L3 Development lasts 1 month Lives for 7 years Prepatent period: 4 weeks
31
Describe Horse lungworms and give spp. in latin.
Dictyocaulus arnfieldi Final hosts: horses and donkey Prevalent in donkeys, which serve as reservoir hosts. Worldwide distribution. Localization: Small and large bronchi → Dictyocaulosis in horses usually only when kept together with donkeys or on pasture which has been grazed by donkeys. White worms (3-9 cm) Eggs: 74-96 x 46-58 µm, thin-shelled, with larva
32
Describe the Horse lungworm life cycle.
Dictyocaulus arnfieldi Final hosts: horses and donkey Dictyocaulosis in horses usually only when kept together with donkeys or on pasture which has been grazed by donkeys.
33
Clinical signs of lungworm infection in Sheep
Generally asymptomatic Mildly – sporadic coughing, unthriftiness Severely – predisposed by secondary bacterial infection - Emaciation, oedema, loose wool, high morbidity
34
Clinical signs of lungworm infection in Goats
Severely infected – coughing and dyspnea, pneumonia
35
Clinical signs of lungworm infection in Pigs
Older pigs - mostly light and asymptomatic Young animals – Coughing, dyspnea, nasal discharge + Secondary bacterial infection – inappetence Purulent Staphylococcus infection * many viruses spread with pig lungworm eggs and larvae.
36
Clinical signs of lungworm infection in Horses
Cough, tachypnoea, unthriftiness in older horses.
37
To which Superfamily does Dictyocaulus belong?
Trichostrongyloidea
38
To which Superfamily do Muellerius and Protostrongyllus belong?
Metastrongyloidea
39
Cat lungworm in latin (3 spp.).
Family Metastrongylidae Species: Aelurostrongylus abstrusus Troglostrongylus brevior Capillaria (Eucoleus) aerophila
40
Life cycle of Aelurostrongylus abstrusus.
cat lungworm Life cycle indirect
41
Cat lungworm infection. Localisation of A. abstrusus: Localisation of T. brevior:
Localisation of A. abstrusus: Pulmonary tissue - from subpleural nodules Localisation of T. brevior: Upper airways: trachea, bronchi and bronchioles
42
Cat lungworm infection. Intermediate host: Paratenic hosts:
Intermediate host: Invertebrate gastropod (Snails and slugs) Paratenic hosts: birds, rodents
43
Cat lungworm Epidemiology
Prevalence higher in: Wild cats and free-roaming cats kittens (T. brevior) - often fatal.
44
Cat lungworm Morphology.
45
Describe the Cat lungworm Life cycle.
Indirect - infection from intermediate host or paratenic host. In the final host: L3 penetrates intestinal mucosa Via lymphatics reaches lungs - develops and matures. Adult worms live in the alveolar ducts, bronchioles. Eggs laid and hatched in the pulmonary ducts, alveoli. L1 migrates to pharynx - swallowed and passed into feces. In the intermediate host/ in paratenic host: L1 penetrates snails, slugs - develop to L3 Possibly paratenic hosts in the life cycle Prepatent period: 35-48 days Patency: several years
46
Cat lungworm Pathogenesis: explain pathologies associated with infestation.
Kittens more susceptible. Host inflammatory response -> Larvae and eggs are surrounded by granulomas and inflammatory cells. Reduction of the available surface area for gas exchange. Vascular pathologies: Hypertrophy and hyperplasia of smooth muscles of pulmonary arteries - OBSTRUCTION of BRONCHI. NB: Risk in sedation or anesthesia - hypoxia, hypotension, cardiovascular arrest.
47
Cat lungworm Clinical signs
Subclinical to variety of respiratory signs: Dyspnoea, open-mouth abdominal breathing Coughing, wheezing, sneezing, Mucopurulent nasal discharge Shaggy coat, emaciation Enlarged mandibular lymph nodes Possible severe cases with concurrent infections in kittens: Pneumothorax, pyothorax Vomiting, diarrhoea, pyrexia Hyperinfection syndrome in immunosuppressed kittens.
48
Name 4 lungworms to affect Dogs.
Eucoleus boehmi & Eucoleus aerophilus (also known as Capillaria aerophila)/ canine nasal capillarids Angiostrongylus vasorum/french heartworm/dog heartworm Crenosoma vulpis/ fox lungworm
49
fox lungworm in latin
Crenosoma vulpis Final host: fox Reservoir host: dog Emerging in dogs
50
Dog lungworm Morphology.
L1: oral end bluntly conical posterior end tapering smoothly 200 - 300 μm long Adult: 18 to 26 cuticular folds with small backwardly directed spines on their margin encircle the body and give the adult worms their crenated appearance. Size: 4-16mm
51
identify
Crenosoma vulpis/ fox lungworm L1: oral end bluntly conical posterior end tapering smoothly
52
identify
Crenosoma vulpis/ fox lungworm Adult: 18 to 26 cuticular folds with small backwardly directed spines on their margin encircle the body and give the adult worms their crenated appearance.
53
Dog lungworm infection: Pathology and clinical signs
Eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy Chronic bronchitis, bronchiolitis Especially in small breeds Signs: Chronic productive cough Bronchial sounds Wheezes Weight loss, lethargy Anaemia C. aerophila - chronic tracheobronchitis
54
Capillaria boehmi life cycle.
(also known as Capillaria aerophila)/ canine nasal capillarids) Hosts: dogs 1. Dog ingests the paratenic host or egg 2. In the duodenum, the larva hatches and migrates to lungs through liver and heart. 3. From the lungs the larva migrates to nasal passages – develops to adult and lays eggs. 4. Eggs travel from mouth to intestines and out with feces.
55
What is he French heartworm in latin?
Dog lungworm - Angiostrongylus vasorum
56
Capillaria aerophila common name? Hosts?
tracheal worm Hosts: dogs and cats
57
Capillaria aerophila life cycle and alt. name?
tracheal worm 1. Ingestion of infective eggs from the environment or via paratenic host (earthworm). 2. Larvae hatch in duodenum and migrate via the bloodstream to the lungs (through the liver and heart). 3. In the lungs they settle in the bronchi - molts, matures. 4. Following maturation of the worms reproduction starts- eggs are laid, coughed up, swallowed and excreted. 5. Prepatent period is about 6 weeks. In the environment, infective larva develops in the egg in 5 – 6 weeks.
58
Out of the following - which affect dogs?
Angiostrongylus Filaroides
59
Out of the following - which affect sheep and goats?
Muellerius Protostrongylus
60
Out of the following - which affect pigs?
Metastrongylus
61
Out of the following - which affect ruminants and equidae?
Dictyocaulus
62
Diagnosis of lungworm infection.
Anamnesis and clinical signs Early detection during prepatent infection: Detection of eggs or larvae in lungs by: - examination of sputum - bronchial mucous (BAL) - bronchoscopy - tracheal secretions Later detection during patent infection: Detection of larvae or eggs in feces: Larvae in the faeces (Fam. Protostrongylidae, Dictyocaulidae) - Baermann method – detection of L1 (NB: shedding intermittent) Eggs in the faeces (Fam. Metastrongylidae - in pigs) - Flotation method (saturated magnesium sulphate) (but Often present in normal pig) Samples should be taken from several animals. Mini-FLOTAC is a more sensitive test. Detecting larvae from post mortem (necropsy) is also possible via histology.
63
Dictyocaulus viviparus L1
64
Metastrongylus apri egg
65
Up to which week, diagnosis rests entirely on the history and clinical signs and why?
Until the fourth week, no larvae are shed in the feces and diagnosis rests entirely on the history and clinical signs. Early detection during prepatent infection stage: Detection of eggs or larvae in lungs: - examination of sputum - bronchial mucous (BAL) - bronchoscopy - tracheal secretions
66
Larvae in the faeces can be detected by what method?
(Fam. Protostrongylidae, Dictyocaulidae) - Baermann method – detection of L1 (NB: shedding intermittent)
67
Eggs in the faeces can be detected by which method?
(Fam. Metastrongylidae - in pigs) - Flotation method (saturated magnesium sulphate)
68
Treatment of lungworm infection.
Anthelmintics are highly effective. Always treat the whole herd! - Broad-spectrum - also effective against GIN - Macrocyclic lactones - Benzimidazoles - effect against hypobiotic stages! (do this in autumn!) Antimicrobials for secondary bacterial infections. Anti-inflammatory drugs as needed Hydration fluids
69
Name some anthelminthics effective against lungworm.
ivermectin doramectin fenbendazole albendazole milbemycin moxidectin etc.
70
Describe Large animal lungworm Immunity
Immunity depends on the infection dose of the primary infection. Intensive treatment of calves before first grazing season will prevent immunity. The acquired immunity will be lost after 12 months in the absence of reinfection. Development of complete immunity through natural infection. Vaccination with attenuated larvae possible.
71
Prevention and control of lungworm infection in large animals.
Large animals: Separation of young and old animals Young animals to clean pastures Avoid wet pastures Give feed/water from clean container Improve herd management Rotational grazing Anthelmintic metaphylactically? - In early spring to second year cattle - Local grazing epidemiology Vaccination in cows: BOVILIS® HUSKVAC - to calves over 8 weeks
72
Prevention and control of lungworm infection in small animals.
Control difficult for intermediate hosts. Keeping cats indoors - avoid predation. Do not let your dog eat slugs/snails.
73
Strongyloides belong to what Order and Superfamily?
Order Rhabditida Superfamily Rhabditoidea
74
Common name for strongyloides spp.? What disease do they cause? Location in the host?
threadworms Strongyloidoses Location: crypts of small intestine
75
Transmission of strongyloides spp.? (5)
Transmission: - ingestion of L3 larva - alimentary - penetration of skin by L3 – percutaneous - via infected colostrum – lactogenic - via transplacental – intrauterine - autoinfection
76
Morphology of strongyloides spp.?
Adult female 9 mm Only females are parasitic! Uterus is intertwined with intestine - looking like a twisted thread Filariform (L3) - Parasitic generation - Straight-sided oesophagus - Tail blunt Rhabditiform (L1) - Free-living generation - Cilindrical oesophagus with double bulb
77
Morphology of strongyloides spp. eggs?
Eggs Size: Small eggs (45-60 μm,) Shape: Oval with flattend poles, Shell: thin-shelled, contents: U-shapped embryo or larva
78
strongyloides spp. egg Size: Small eggs (45-60 μm,) Shape: Oval with flattend poles, Shell: thin-shelled, contents: U-shapped embryo or larva
79
What are the two morphological shapes for strongyloides spp. larvae and what larval stage is each?
Filariform (L3) - Parasitic generation - Straight-sided oesophagus - Tail blunt Rhabditiform (L1) - Free-living generation - Cilindrical oesophagus with double bulb
80
Life cycle of strongyloides spp.
Direct, but complex. Homogony – parasitic cycle: L3 turns into infectious form Migrates from circulatory system to lungs Migrates from trachea to intestines Parthenogenesis – asexual reproduction Eggs or larva in faeces after one week Heterogony – free-living cycle: Sexual reproduction only outside Can follow parasitic cycle Important: arrested larvae in adults for years. In subcutaneous fat. Activate before birth - transmitted via milk or in uterus. First source of infection to young animals.
81
What two types of life cycles can strongyloides spp. have?
Homogony – parasitic cycle: Homogonic development – direct new parasitic generation from L3 - females. Parthenogenesis – asexual reproduction. Heterogony – free-living cycle: Heterogonic development – indirect, free-living generations that produce parasitic generations. Sexual reproduction only outside.
82
Describe autoinfection in strongyloides spp. infections.
Autoinfection: non-infective rhabditiform larvae (L1) becomes infective filariform larvae (L3) before leaving the body. a) external autoinfection - penetration of the perianal region b) internal autoinfection - penetration of the intestines L3 starts new migration in the organism (Also nematode Capillaria philippinensis can cause this kind of autoinfection) In this way, the host can be infected for several years!
83
Clinical signs of strongyloidoses.
Light infections asymptomatic. Heavy infection in young animals - (10-14 days) Skin lesions – larval migration: Dermatitis, erythema - abdomen, thighs Lung lesions – larval migration: Cough (bronchopneumonia) Intestinal lesions - adults - Anorexia, weight loss - Bloody diarrhoea - Anaemia - Stunting - High mortality
84
Describe strongyloides in ruminants.
S. papillosus in cattle is almost universally prevalent, but rarely causes detectable illness. Signs are usually in lambs and calves. Penetration of Stongyloides larvae into the skin may cause erythema, oedema and allergic reactions.
85
Clinical signs of strongyloidoses in dogs. Which spp. is in dogs?
S. stercoralis in dogs Mostly in summer and in dog kennels Symptoms similar to other species. Diarrhea, emaciation and no appetite
86
Diagnosis of strongyloidoses.
Anamnesis and clinical signs. Detection of eggs/larvae in faeces: - Fresh samples – later larvae moves out from egg! - Fecal flotation method - many samplings - Baermann method – if there are already larvae in faeces! - Culture method – If the sample is really fresh – eggs still hatching. Detection of adults/ larva during post mortem (necropsy): - Direct microscopic examination - Histology - Mucosa scrapings – adults Detection of adults/larvae in duodenal aspirates: - BAL (bronchoalveolar lavage) - Duodenal biopsy
87
Treatment of strongyloidoses.
Against intestinal infection - Macrocyclic lactones (ivermectin, moxidectin) - Benzimidazoles (fenbendazole) in increased dosages - Levamisole Before and after parturition. Suppression of larval excretion via milk - Ivermectin
88
Prevention and control of strongyloides.
Pigs: Strict hygiene - Especially in farrowing houses All-in all-out system Use of anthelmintics prior to farrowing. Good nutrition helps. Foals: Anthelmintic treatment in 1-2 week of age Humans: use of footwear
89
Describe strongyloides eggs.
Eggs 59 Size: Small eggs (45-60 μm,) Shape: Oval with flattened poles, Shell: thin-shelled, contents: U-shapped embryo or larva

Parasitology (16 decks)

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