Neoclassical School Flashcards
(25 cards)
What are the 4 purposes of punishment under this school?
Deterrence, incapacitation, rehabilitation, retribution
What are the basics of the Enlightenment era of crime?
Emphasize reason/free will; inalienable rights; rules and regulations to achieve harmony; social contract
What does Hobbes say?
Individuals are naturally self-interested
What does Locke say?
Individuals are concerned for itself through free-will
What does Rousseau say?
Humans are naturally good; social contract
What does Beccaria say?
Deterrence —> if punishments are too severe, crime will increase
What are Beccaria’s two principles of punishment?
Prompt, certain
What does Bentham say?
Humans seek to maximize pleasure and minimize pain; laws should focus on prevention
What are the two background assumptions of the classical school?
Individuals have free will, individuals maximize utility
When did the classical school re-emerge to form the neoclassical school?
1960s
What are the three principles of punishment according to deterrence theory?
Swift, certain, severe
What is the principle of certainty?
How likely it is that an individual will be caught and punished for a crime that he or she has committed
What does severity mean?
The cost of punishment should outweigh the benefit of crime, but punishment should be proportionate to the crime
What does swift (celerity) mean?
How quickly an individual is punished after committing a crime
Which principle is most supported through research?
Certainty
Which principle is hardly tested in criminology?
Celerity
What is the difference between specific and general deterrence?
Specific: deterring a specific offender who has already been punished for fear of being punished again
General: would-be offender for fear of punishment
What is the difference between absolute and restrictive deterrence?
Absolute: complete stoppage of criminal conduct
Restrictive: partial stoppage (reduction in frequency or severity)
What did the first wave of deterrence theory study?
Changes in homicide rates of states and countries over time in relation to the death penalty
What did the second wave of deterrence theory study?
Focus on other types of punishment —> three strikes laws
What did the third wave of deterrence theory study?
Self-reported studies about people’s perceived risk of getting caught and punished
What did the fourth wave of deterrence theory study?
Temporal ordering: do perceptions cause behavior or vice versa?
What did the fifth wave of deterrence theory study?
Scenarios
What are the three categories of people Pogarsky identified?
Incorrigible, deterrable, conformist
