Neonatal And Infant Head

Question 1

Located at the top of the neonatal head and felt as a “soft spot”

Answer 1

Anterior fontanelle

Question 2

If hydrocephalus is present, anterior fontanelle is ____

Answer 2

Bulging

Question 3

Spaces between the bones of the skull which allow for compression at birth and rapid brain growth after birth

Answer 3

Fontanelles

Question 4

Fontanelles allow _____ at birth and ______ after birth

Answer 4

Compression

Rapid brain growth

Question 5

Surrounds the brain and spinal cord and protects it from physical impact:

Answer 5

Cerebrospinal Fluid(CSF)

Question 6

Approximately ___% of the CSF is formed by the choroid plexuses of lateral, third, and fourth ventricles

Answer 6

40%

Question 7

CSF not produced by the choroid plexuses is produced by:

Answer 7

Extracellular fluid movement from blood through brain and into ventricles

Question 8

Convolutions/folds on surface of brain causes by infolding of cortex

Answer 8

Gyri

Question 9

Grooves/depressions on surface of brain separating gyri:

Answer 9

Sulcus/sulci

Question 10

Sulci divide the hemispheres into:

Answer 10

Frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal lobes

Question 11

Area in which the falx cerebri sits and separates two cerebral hemispheres

Answer 11

Interhemispheric fissure

Question 12

Located along lateral most aspect of brain; area where middle cerebral artery(MCA) is located:

Answer 12

Sylvian fissure

Question 13

Transducer used for neonatal head exam

Answer 13

Small footprint, high frequency

Question 14

Sonography of the neonatal brain is initiated through the _____ fontanelle in transverse&long views to study the supratentorial and infratentorial compartments

Answer 14

Anterior fontanelle

Question 15

The ______ should always be present in the standard images to ensure the entire brain is being visualized

Answer 15

Posterior cranial bones

Question 16

The _______ is utilized to better visualize the cerebellum and infratenrorial compartment/posterior fossa in young infants

Answer 16

Mastoid fontanelle

Question 17

If imagine is restricted by overlapping bones in the area of the anterior fontanelle, or if pathology is suspected in the choroid plexus & lateral ventricles, an alternative window to use is:

Answer 17

Posterior fontanelle

Question 18

If a critical neonate is on ECMO, the _____ approach may be useful because the mastoid view is unattainable

Answer 18

Posterior fontanelle

Question 19

To perform the coronal study, the transducer is placed on the ______ with the scanning plane following the ____ suture

Answer 19

Anterior fontanelle

Coronal suture

Question 20

Skull bones and arteries should be the ______ bilaterally

Answer 20

Same size

Question 21

Normal protocol for coronal images begins with the transducer angled toward the _________ skull, then angled to the ____, and finally angled towards the ____ occipital area of the skull

Answer 21

Anterior skull

Mid

Posterior occipital

Question 22

The sagittal study is made by rotating the coronal plane approximately ____ degrees

Answer 22

90 degrees

Question 23

The straight sagittal view is critical and can rule out many ____ anomalies

Answer 23

Midline

Question 24

Parasagittal views are obtained by angling the transducer to the ____ of the skull

Answer 24

Right/left side

Question 25

At least ___ parasagittal studies should be performed

Answer 25

3

Question 26

The integration of the mastoid view of the posterior fossa in the routine neonatal head exam increases the detection of ____

Answer 26

Congenital anomalies in the 3rd, 4th ventricles and cerebellum

Question 27

Posterior fossa study: the transducer is placed just being the ____

Answer 27

Ear

Question 28

The most common disorder of the neonatal brain

Answer 28

Hydrocephalus/ventriculomegaly

Question 29

Dilation of the ventricular system

Answer 29

Hydrocephalus/ventriculomegaly

Question 30

3 mechanisms for development of hydrocephalus/ventriculomegaly

Answer 30

1. Obstruction to outflow 2. Decreases absorption of CSF 3. Overproduction of CSF

Question 31

Hydrocephalus/ventriculomegaly: Neonates may be diagnosed in utero, or may present clinically with a bulging _____ and/or _____

Answer 31

Bulging anterior fontanelle Macrocephaly

Question 32

The most common cause of both acquired and congenital hydrocephalus is:

Answer 32

Aqueductal stenosis

Question 33

______ is at the greatest risk for intracranial hemorrhage(ICH) and is a major cause of mortality and morbidity

Answer 33

Premature neonate

Question 34

The most common hemorrhagic lesion in preterm neonates

Answer 34

Intracranial hemorrhage/ Germinal Matrix-Intraventricular Hemorrhage(GM-IVH)

Question 35

Intracranial hemorrhage/GM-IVH affect ____% of infants less than 34 weeks

Answer 35

40-70%

Question 36

An even higher risk of intracranial hemorrhage/GM-IVH is associated with infants less than _______ or less than ____ birth weight

Answer 36

32 weeks 1500 grams

Question 37

Subependymal Intracranial hemorrhage(SEH) or Intraventricular Hemorrhage(IVH) Grade 1:

Answer 37

Without ventricular enlargement

Question 38

Subependymal Intracranial hemorrhage(SEH) or Intraventricular Hemorrhage(IVH) Grade 2:

Answer 38

Minimal ventricular enlargement

Question 39

Subependymal Intracranial hemorrhage(SEH) or Intraventricular Hemorrhage(IVH) grade 3:

Answer 39

Moderate or large ventricular enlargement

Question 40

Subependymal Intracranial hemorrhage(SEH) or Intraventricular Hemorrhage(IVH) grade 4:

Answer 40

Worst, SEH/IVH with intraparenchymal hemorrhage