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Summer 2014 - High Resolution ✔️ > Neonatal Head > Flashcards

Neonatal Head Flashcards

(55 cards)

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0
Q

what are the 3 sutures called

A

coronal

sagittal

lambdoid

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1
Q

what are the 2 fontanelle’s called

A

anterior (most commonly used for scanning) - soft spot

posterior

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2
Q

what does the foramen of Monro connect

A

lateral ventricles to the 3rd ventricle

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3
Q

what does the aqueduct of Sylvius connect

A

3rd ventricle to 4th ventricle

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4
Q

what are the 3 regions of the brain

A

forebrain

midbrain

hindbrain

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5
Q

what is the forebrain

A

Prosencephalon

mature

thalamus, epithalamus, hypothal, subthal, cerebral hemispheres, and olfactory system (senses)

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6
Q

what is the midbrain

A

Mesencephalon

mature

midbrain

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7
Q

what is hindbrain

example slide 6-7

A

Rhombencephalon

medulla

pons & cerebellum

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8
Q

what transducer would you use to scan a neonatal head

A

7-10 mhz linear

highest frequency with the smallest face

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9
Q

what is most important about scanning a neonatal head and following a protocol

A

it is important to follow the same protocol as the previous studies so that the doctor can compare them more easily

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10
Q

1st image TRV/coronal consists of what

A

anterior brain - show falx

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11
Q

2nd image TRV/coronal consists of what

A

anterior horns of lateral ventricles

contains anterior horn, caudate nucleus, corpus callosum, CSP

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12
Q

3rd image TRV/coronal consists of what

A

mid ventricles

contains sylvain fissure, MCA, foramen of monro connects to 3rd vent, 3rd vent, CSP, corpus callosum

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13
Q

4th image TRV/coronal consists of what

A

mid lateral ventricle

contains choroid plexus, lat vents, tail of caudate nucleus, corpus callosum, falx

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14
Q

5th image TRV/coronal consists of what

A

body of ventricles

choroid plexus in atria of lateral ventricles

occiput

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15
Q

6th image TRV/coronal consists of what

A

posterior brain

contains lat vents, falx, tentorium cerebelli

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16
Q

how do you image the neonates head coronally/TRV

A

place at the soft spot (fontanelle) and then sweep anterior to posterior without moving the transducer from the soft spot

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17
Q

how do you image the neonates head sagitally/LONG

A

place at the soft spot (fontanelle) and then sweep left to right without moving the transducer from the soft spot

medial, lateral x 3 left, medial, lateral x 3 right

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18
Q

1st sagittal image consists of what - medial

A 
3rd vent
aquaduct of sylvius
corpus callosum
4th vent
cisterna magnum
cerebellum
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19
Q

2nd sagittal image consists of what - lateral left or right

A

lat vents

choroid plexus

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20
Q

3rd sagittal image consists of what - lateral left or right

A 
lat vents
thalamus
caudate nucleus
caudate thalamus groove
show posterior horn
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21
Q

4th sagittal image consists of what - lateral left or right

A

lateral to ventricle
parietal lobe
temporal lobe

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22
Q

describe arnold-chiari malformation

Study These Flashcards
A

associated with spina bifida

brain stem, cerebellum pulled toward spinal cord, absence of CSP

hydrocephalus

**“banana peel” sign of cerebellem

**frontal bossing - forehead comes to a point

23
Q

what are the 4 types of arnold-chiari malformation

Study These Flashcards
A

type 1. downward displacement of cerebral tonsils
**type 2. MOST COMMON - associated with meningomyelocele
type 3. high cervical encephalomeningocele
type 4. severe hypoplasia of cerebellum

24
what are the 3 types of holoprosencephaly
lobar semilobar alobar
25
describe lobar holoprosencephaly
LEAST SEVERE fused frontal horns separate occipital horns no facial anomaly
26
describe semilobar holoprosencephaly
single ventricle can separate temporal & occipital horns mild facial anomaly
27
describe alobar holoprosencephaly
MOST SEVERE single midline cresent ventricle fused thalami absent 3rd vent multiple facial anomalies - one eye, one nostril, nose off forehead, etc
28
describe dandy-walker malformation
huge 4th ventricle cyst with or without secondary dilatation of 3rd and lateral vents found in the posterior fossa
29
describe agenesis of the corpus callosum
absence of the corpus callosum (to any degree) narrow frontal horns marked separation of anterior horns and lateral vents dilated occipital horns and 3rd vent. "vampire wings" or "bat wings"
30
what is hydranencephaly
brain cerebral hemispheres are absent and replaced by sacs filled with cerebrospinal fluid extreme form of porencephaly which is characterized by a cyst or cavity in the cerebral hemispheres
31
what is the progression of hydranencephaly
initally normally but after a few weeks irritable and increased muscle tone (hypertonia) after several months, seizures & hydrocephalus - visual impairment, lack of growth, deafness, blindness, paralysis prognosis is generally quite poor - death usually within the 1st yr
32
what is hydrocephalus
enlargement of ventricular system - congenital or acquired
33
what is congenital hydrocephalus
imbalance between production of CSP and reabsorption present at birth 2 types are obstructive and comunicating
34
what is obstructive hydrocephalus
interference of the circulation of CSF within vent system
35
what is communicating hydrocephalus
CSF pathways in vent system open decreased absorption
36
what is aqueductal stenosis - Aqueduct of Sylvius
narrowed or obstructed by malformation of aqueduct or extrinsic pressure sono - widening of the lateral and 3rd vent, normal sized 4th vent treatment - shunts
37
what is ventricular dilatation **know measurements**
measured in sagittal plane (height at body mid thalamus) and axial plane (width at atrium, level of choroid) ``` mild = 8-10 mm moderate = 11-14 mm large = > 14 mm ```
38
describe hemorrhage
classified by extent and location of hemorrhage and presence of hydrocephalus intracranial hemorrhage more common with low birth weight, premature birth, 80% within first 3 days of life
39
what is the MOST COMMON intraventricular hemorrhage
Subependymal hemorrhage pushes through ependyma into ventricle to form the hemorrhage capillary bleeding in germinal matrix - most commonly seen at thalamic-caudate groove
40
how many grades of hemorrhage are there
4
41
what is hemorrhage grade I
SEH or IVH without ventricular dilatation
42
what is hemorrhage grade II
SEH or IVH with mild ventricular dilatation
43
what is hemorrhage grade III
SEH or IVH with moderate or large ventricles
44
what is hemorrhage grade IV
SEH or IVH with intraparenchymal hemorrhage
45
what is periventricular leukomalacia
necrosis of the brain tissue deals with hypoxia and ischemia cerebal palsy is a common result
46
define hypoxia
lack of adequate oxygen to the brain
47
define ischemia
lack of adequate blood to brain
48
what is a definitive sign of hydrocephalus
gravity dependent the choroid is going to dangle
49
describe hypoxia/ischemic encephalopathy doppler
DOPPLER OF MCA OR ACA: normal RI .65-.90 RI of .90 is indicative of immediate & long term poor outcome doppler is not routine, must be ordered by physician ACA obtained from anterior fontanelle, MCA obtained from temporal fontanelle
50
what is a sign of down syndrome in utero
unilateral cyst that persists after 21 wks
51
describe brain infections
serious complication - developmental delay, mental retardation, death caused congenitally by TORCH infections
52
what are TORCH infections
``` T - toxoplasmosis/toxoplasma gondii O - other infections (hep c, hiv, syphilis, etc) R - rubella C - cytomegalovirus H - herpes simplex virus ```
53
what does ECMO stand for
extracorporeal membrane oxygentation
54
what is ECMO
support infants with underdeveloped or abn lungs, meconium aspiration, or congenital heart disease causes sudden significant change in bp to brain hemorrhage and ischemia are common insert cannula into rt jugular vein and carotid

Summer 2014 - High Resolution ✔️ (7 decks)

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