Neonate

Question 1

reasons why neonate medicine is challenging

Answer 1

1. rapid changes
2. subtle signs
3. mutliple organ involvement
4. immuno-incompetence

Question 2

how long does it take for:
cord rupture
standing
suckling
meconium

Answer 2

cord rupture - 5 min
standing - 1 hour
suckling - 2 hour
meconium - 3 hour

Question 3

premature is considered born before __d

Answer 3

320

Question 4

characteristics of premature foal

Answer 4

Soft skin, silky hair
Soft hooves
Domed head
Floppy ears
Poor suckling
Resp distress

Question 5

is suture lines in the eye a normal finding in neonates

Answer 5

yes

Question 6

is entropion or ectropion more common in immature foals

Answer 6

entropion

Question 7

what eye issue is a common sequelae to forceful expulsion

Answer 7

scleral haemorrhage

Question 8

what eye thing is an indicator of septicaemia

Answer 8

uveitis

Question 9

milk at nares in foal might indicate

Answer 9

Cleft palate
Pharyngeal dysfunction
Megaesophagus

Question 10

general approach to a collapsed foal

Answer 10

-IV, O2, NG tube
-bloods and exam
-glucose, fluids, diazepam, AB (depending)
-heat
-sternal recumbency

Question 11

tetanus antitoxin should be given to a collapsed foal if the mare had not been vaccinated in the last ____ weeks of gestation. Then vaccine the foal as normal at ___ months.

Answer 11

4-6
3

Question 12

how much IgM and IgG do foals have at birth

Answer 12

none

Question 13

what age does significant active immunity start?

Answer 13

2-3 weeks

Question 14

Colostrum IgG and IgA trends vs time

Answer 14

IgG decreases after 6h
IgA increases after 24h

Question 15

Foal Ig production reaches adult levels at what age

Answer 15

3-6 months

Question 16

how common is failure of passive transfer in foals

Answer 16

10% of foals

Question 17

treatment for FPT

Answer 17

1-2L plasma IV

Question 18

how to assess IgG in foals

Answer 18

SNAP test

Question 19

how to prevent FPT in foals

Answer 19

Good nutrition for mare
Minimize stress
Observe colostrum intake in first 24h
Keep good quality frozen colostrum
Measure colostrum quality

Question 20

Neonatal isoerythrolysis

Answer 20

Foal RBC is opposite mother (IE: + vs -).

Mother gets late gestation exposure,

Foal absorbs mother’s type via colostrum –>
Immune-mediated haemolysis.

Question 21

tx for Neonatal isoerythrolysis

Answer 21

Transfusion - washed RBC from mare or whole blood from same type

Question 22

Management of D in foals

Answer 22

-Fluids, plasma
-AB, NSAIDs
-Nutrition
-Probiotics

Question 23

what is foal heat

Answer 23

D 2 weeks after birth as foal transitions from sterile gut to flora

Question 24

causes of abdominal pain in foals

Answer 24

1. meconium impaction
2. enteritis
3. obstruction

Question 25

How to grade Gastroduodenal ulceration syndrome

Answer 25

GRADES: 0 - normal 1 - superficial 2 - multifocal superficial 3 - deep focal or extensive superficial 4 - deep multifocal 5 - extensive multifocal

Question 26

what to do for retained meconium

Answer 26

enema

Question 27

what is a dummy foal

Answer 27

born and suckles fine. neuro signs hours later (hypoxia)

Question 28

name 4 umbilical remnants

Answer 28

Umbilical Vein Urachus (bladder stump) 2 Umbilical arteries