Neonate

Question 1

Critically ill neonate fluid therapy

Answer 1

Question 2

Neonate anaesthesia

Answer 2

Question 3

The sick neonate diagnostics– urinalysis

Answer 3

Question 5

Initial challenges

-

birth

Answer 5

Question 6

Treating the clearly sick neonate

•

Isotonic crystalloids

Answer 6

Question 7

How do we reduce losses in neonates?

Answer 7

•

Normal body condition, adequate nutrition

•

Nutritionally complete and balanced diet

•

Bitches should gain 36% BW in pregnancy

•

Increased food requirements last 1/3 gestation (60%

more by whelping)

•

Almost impossible to overfeed in lactation

Question 8

The normal neonate

-

growth

Answer 8

Question 9

The normal neonate parameters

Answer 9

HR Wk 1 = 200-220 bpm (<150 = Oxygen)

– HR- physiological v. pathological

* Respiratory rate = 15 bpm (Day 1) –> 20-30 bpm

* Rectal temp 35-36C (wk 1)–> 37-38.2C (wk 2)

CRT 1-1.5 sec, MM pink–> sl. hyperaemic first few days

Dry umbilical cord in 24 hours (lost by day 3-4)

Question 10

Resuscitation

Answer 10

Question 11

Feline Neonatal isoerythrolysis

Answer 11

Question 12

Artificial rearing feeding

Answer 12

Question 13

Artificial rearing

Answer 13

Question 14

Signs of illness neonate

Answer 14

Question 15

Causes of hypoglycaemia

Answer 15

Question 16

Stages of parturition?

Answer 16

Question 17

General considerations neonates

Answer 17

Question 18

Artificial rearing nutrition

Answer 18

ideally want the neonates to feed from dam/queen

Temperature critical! Warm first if necessary!

Question 19

Diagnosis and treatment of feline neonatal isoerythrolysis

Answer 19

Question 20

Treating the clearly sick neonate

Answer 20

2. FLUID THERAPY

Maintenance fluid requirements are

180 ml/kg/d

•

Oral fluid/electrolytes rarely adequate

•

IV access

best (

jugular)

• STERILE TECHNIQUE

•

Intraosseous next best

•

Risk sepsis, bone damage

•

Intraperitoneal last

•

Slow absorption

•

risk sepsis

Question 21

Cats

-

neonatal isoerythrolysis

Answer 21

Question 22

Two different categories of the fading puppy

Answer 22

2. Puppies that die after 7 days of birth (~50%)
   - tend to have a known cause for death

– poor husbandry

– illness of the dam–> mastitis, metritis, etc.

– congenital defects

– poor mothering

– trauma

– immune insufficiency

–infection (20%)– viral, bacterial, parasitic

Question 23

Neonate? Pediatric?

Answer 23

Question 24

Husbandry of neonates

Answer 24

Question 25

Take home messages neonates

Answer 25

Question 26

Date of parturition and reasons for variation?

Answer 26

Question 27

Treating the mildly sick neonate

Answer 27

Question 28

‘Fading’ puppies and kittens cycle

Answer 28

Question 29

Hypovolaemia and dehydration in neonates

Answer 29

Assessing hydration: paediatric gram scale, Hct (PCV) and TS (caution), skin turgor and lactate unreliable \* Treatment for hypovolemia and dehydration - moderate dehydration- IVFT crystalloid bolus @ 30- 40 ml/kg or 20-30 ml/kg (kitten) - maintenance = 80-100 ml/kg/day - correct dehydration over 24 hours - ongoing losses

Question 30

‘Fading’ puppies and kittens

Answer 30

Question 32

The sick neonate diagnostics-- biochemistry

Answer 32

Question 33

Resuscitation neonate

Answer 33

Question 35

Assessing the sick neonate - EXAM

Answer 35

Question 36

Colostrum-- exam

Answer 36

Question 37

Hypoglycaemia signs? Tx?

Answer 37

Question 38

Assessing lab results - biochemistry

Answer 38

Question 39

Stillbirths and neonatal deaths

Answer 39

Question 40

Initial challenges - immunity

Answer 40

Question 41

COMMENSAL FLORA of the bitch or queen can rapidly colonise and invade a debilitated neonate, causing sepsis and rapid death

Answer 41

Question 42

Treating the clearly sick neonate AMs, monitor, bloods

Answer 42

Question 43

The normal neonate

Answer 43

• Eyelids separate at 10 -14 days (except some cat breeds) • Corneas cloudy, vision develops within 4 weeks • External ear canals patent at 14 -16d • Testicles descend soon after birth in kittens, can take 4 -6 weeks in puppies. • Must be stimulated in the perineal region to induce urination or defaecation

Question 44

Normal neonate- sensory

Answer 44

Question 45

Initial challenges - fluid balance

Answer 45

Question 46

hypoxia-- in utero and post parturition?

Answer 46

Question 47

Weight of neonate

Answer 47

Question 48

Husbandry neonates

Answer 48

Adequate warmth and nutrition in the first 3 weeks reduces mortality

Question 49

Perinatal mortality

Answer 49

Question 50

neonate parameters

Answer 50

Question 51

Critically ill neonate oxygen therapy

Answer 51

Question 52

Initial challenges - energy intake

Answer 52

Question 53

Other causes of failure to grow and thrive

Answer 53

Question 54

General pharmacologic considerations neonates

Answer 54

Question 55

Initial challenges - in utero

Answer 55

Question 56

Critically ill neonate AMs and monitoring?

Answer 56

Question 57

When to intervene

Answer 57

1. Obstruction 2. Not entered labor and progesterone \< 2 ng/mL 3. Systemically ill 4. Fetal HR \< 160-180 5. Suspicion of uterine rupture or torsion

Question 58

‘Fading’ puppies and kittens known causes

Answer 58

Question 59

Assessing the sick neonate - HISTORY

Answer 59

Question 60

Orogastric tube feeding if sick or large litters (faster)

Answer 60

Question 61

Maternal factors for healthy birth

Answer 61

Question 62

General pharmacologic considerations specific drugs

Answer 62

Question 63

The sick neonate- diagnostics-- haematology

Answer 63

Question 64

Specific infectious agents neonates

Answer 64

Question 65

Normal neonate- neuro

Answer 65

Question 66

Assessing lab results neonates - haematology

Answer 66

Question 67

specific infectious agents neonates

Answer 67

Question 68

Signs of hypoxia in neonate? Treatment?

Answer 68