Neonatology Flashcards
(44 cards)
What is the perinatal period?
22 weeks of complete gestation till 7 days after birth
Define stillbirth.
Intrauterine death of any conceptus at any time during pregnancy
What is the definition of a neonate?
≤28 days
How is perinatal mortality defined?
Stillbirths + deaths within 1st week
What is considered low birth weight?
<2500g
What is the normal birth weight range in Asia?
2.5kg - 4kg
What is the classification of gestational age for preterm birth?
<37 weeks
What does ‘extremely preterm’ refer to in terms of gestational age?
<28 wks
What percentage of neonatal deaths are accounted for by prematurity and its complications?
25-30%
List the leading causes of neonatal death.
- Infection
- Hypoxia
- Congenital malformations
What are some complications of prematurity?
- Respiratory: RDS, pulmonary air leaks
- Infectious: Bacterial or viral infections
- Cardiovascular: Patent ductus arteriosus
- Gastrointestinal: Feed intolerance, necrotising enterocolitis
- CNS: Intraventricular haemorrhage, cerebral palsy
- Renal: Acute kidney injury
- Ophthalmologic: Retinopathy
What is the management approach for premature infants?
- Thermoregulation
- Respiratory support
- Fluid and electrolyte balance
- Feeding and nutrition optimization
- Infection prevention
- Family support
What is respiratory distress syndrome due to?
Surfactant deficiency
What is the purpose of antenatal steroids in premature delivery?
Stimulate fetal surfactant production
What is the definition of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR)?
Birth weight <3rd percentile for gestational age
What are the two types of growth restriction?
- Asymmetrical: placental insufficiency
- Symmetrical: prolonged poor growth in early pregnancy
What are the complications of IUGR?
- Fetal death
- Perinatal asphyxia
What does neonatal sepsis refer to?
Systemic illness with bacteremia in the first 28 days of life
What are the two types of neonatal sepsis based on onset?
- Early onset: <72h
- Late onset: >72h
What is the most common organism associated with early onset sepsis?
Group B Streptococcus
What is the risk factor for early onset sepsis?
- Prematurity
- Prolonged rupture of membranes >18h
What are the key features of TORCHES infections?
- Intrauterine growth retardation
- CNS: microcephaly, hydrocephalus
What is the management for babies born to Hepatitis B carrier mothers?
- Complete primary Hep B vaccines on time
- Check serologies 3 months after completing primary vaccine
What is a characteristic feature of neonatal varicella?
Neonates exposed to maternal chickenpox infection around time of delivery
