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Neonatology Flashcards

(69 cards)

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1
Q

acrocyanosis

A

cyanosis of the extremities

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2
Q

antepartum

A

before the onset of labor

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3
Q

APGAR score

A

a numerical system of rating the condition of a newborn. It evaluates the newborn’s Appearance (skin color), Pulse (0,100), Grimace (reflex irritability: 0, grimace, cry), Activity (muscle tone: 0, some, active), and Respiratory Effort (0, slow, strong cry).

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4
Q

birth injury

A

avoidable and unavoidable mechanical and anoxic trauma incurred by the newborn during L&D.

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5
Q

choanal atresia

A

congenital closure of the passage between the nose and pharynx by a bony or membranous structure

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6
Q

cleft lip

A

congenital vertical fissure in the upper lip

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7
Q

cleft palate

A

congenital fissure in the roof of the mouth, forming a passageway between oral and nasal cavities.

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8
Q

DeLee suction trap

A

a suction device that contains a suction trap connected to a suction catheter. The negative pressure that powers it can come either from the mouth of the operator, or, preferably an external vacuum force.

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9
Q

diaphragmatic hernia

A

protrusion of abdominal contents into the thoracic cavity through an opening in the diaphragm

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10
Q

ductus arteriosus

A

channel between the main pulmonary artery and the aorta of the fetus

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11
Q

extrauterine

A

outside the uterus

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12
Q

glottic function

A

opening and closing of the glottic space

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13
Q

herniation

A

protrusion or projection of an organ or part of an organ through the wall of the cavity that normally contains it.

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14
Q

hyperbilirubinemia

A

an excessive amount of bilirubin – the orange-colored pigment associated with bile – in the blood. In newborns, the condition appears as jaundice. Precipitating factors include maternal Rh or ABO incompatibility; neonatal sepsis, anoxia, hypoglycemia, and congenital liver or gastrointestinal defects.

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15
Q

intrapartum

A

occurring during childbirth

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16
Q

isolette

A

also known as an incubator; a clear plastic enclosed bassinet used to keep prematurely born infants warm. The temperature of an isolette can be adjusted regardless of the room temperature. Some isolettes also provide humidity control.

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17
Q

meconium

A

dark green material found in the intestine of the full-term newborn. It can be expelled from the intestine into the amniotic fluid during periods of fetal distress.

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18
Q

meningomyelocele

A

herniation of the spinal cord and membranes through a defect in the spinal column.

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19
Q

nasogastric tube / orogastric tube

A

a tube that runs through the nose or mouth and esophagus into the stomach; used for administering liquid nutrients or medications or for removing air or liquids from the stomach.

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20
Q

neonatal abstinence syndrome

A

A generalized disorder presenting a clinical picture of CNS hyperirritibility, gastrointestinal dysfunctions, respiratory distress, and vague authonomic symptoms. It may be due to intrauterine exposure to heroin, methadone, or other less potent opiates. Nonopiate CNS depressants may also cause NAS.

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21
Q

neonate

A

an infant from the time of birth to one month of age.

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22
Q

newborn

A

a baby in the first few hours of life; also called a newly born infant

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23
Q

omphalocele

A

congenital hernia of the umbilicus.

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24
Q

PEEP

A

positive end-expiratory pressure

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25
persistant fetal circulation
condition in which blood continues to bypass the fetal respiratory system, resulting in ongoing hypoxia
26
phototherapy
exposure to sunlight or artificial light for therapeutic purposes. In newborns, light is used to treat hyperbilirubinemia or jaundice
27
Pierre Robin syndrome
unusually small jaw, combined with a cleft palate, downward displacement of the tongue, and an absent gag reflex.
28
polycythemia
an excess of red blood cells. In a newborn, the condition may reflect hypovolemia or prolonged intrauterine hypoxia.
29
thyrotoxicosis
toxic condition characterized by tachycardia, nervous symptoms, and rapid metabolism due to hyperactivity of the thyroid gland.
30
vagal stimulation
stimulation of the vagus nerve, which in turn slows the heart rate.
31
Antepartum factors indicating possible complications in newborns:
multiple gestation; inadequate prenatal care; mother's age -16 or +35; Hx of perinatal M and M; post-term gestation; drugs/meds; toxemia, HTN, DIA
32
Intrapartum factors indicating possible complications in newborns:
premature labor; meconium stained amniotic fluid; early rupture of membranes (>24h); narcs w/in 4h of delivery; abnormal presentation; prolonged labor or precipitous delivery; prolapsed cord or bleeding
33
Factors that stimulate baby's first breath include:
mild acidosis, initiation of stretch reflexes in lungs, hypoxia, hypothermia
34
Newborn normal vital signs
40-60RR; 150-180HR at birth, 130-140 after
35
APGAR
Appearance; Pulse Rate; Grimace; Activity; Respiratory Effort
36
Appearance 0-2
0: blue, pale; 1: acrocyanotic; 2: pink
37
Pulse Rate 0-2
0: absent; 1: 100
38
Grimace 0-2
0: no response; 1: Grimace; 2: Cries
39
Activity 0-2
0: Limp; 1: flexion of extremities; 2: active motion
40
Respiratory Effort 0-2
0: absent; 1: slow and irreg; 2: strong cry
41
Inverted pyramid of neonatal resuscitation, 6 steps
1: drying, warming, positioning, suction, tactile stimulation 2: O2 3: BVM 4: Cx Compressions 5: Intubation 6: Meds
42
When to ventilate newborn?
HR less than 60 or | 60-80 that does not improve
43
When to intubate newborn?
``` CPR can't ventilate with mask tracheal suctioning prolonged ventilation diaphragmatic hernia inadequate respiratory effort ```
44
Newborn intubation considerations
Use size 2.5 for tiny, 3.5 for small, 4.0 for big. Use PEEP, 2-4 cmH2O Use NG or OG tube if allowed
45
When to give chest compressions to newborn?
HR
46
Hypovolemia in infants, treatment
Start w/ 10mL/kg crystalloid (NO Dextrose!) over 5-10m | May need 40-60 mL/kg
47
Diaphragmatic Hernia assessment findings
``` little to severe distress dyspnea and cyanosis unresponsive to ventilations small, flat (scaphoid) abdomen bowel sounds in chest heart sounds displaced to right ```
48
Diaphragmatic Hernia treatment
position with head and thorax higher than abd and feet NG or OG tube with low, intermittent suctioning DO NOT USE bag valve mask ventilation If necessary, ventilate cautiously through ETT
49
Epinephrine for neonatal resuscitation:
0.01 mg/kg IV/IO
50
Most common cause of bradycardia in newborn...
hypoxia
51
caput succedaneum
a large scalp hematoma, developed during birth process and usually resolved over the first week of life.
52
Newborn hypothermia findings
``` pale, cool skin acrocyanosis respiratory distress to apnea bradycardia irritability to lethargy ```
53
Newborn hypoglycemia findings
``` twitching or SZ limpness lethargy eye rolling high-pitched cry apnea or irregular respirations, cyanosis ```
54
Causes of neonatal diarrhea:
``` infection gastroenteritis lactose intolerance phototherapy neonatal abstinence syndrome thyrotoxicosis cystic fibrosis ```
55
newborn hypovolemia findings:
``` pale, cool skin diminished peripheral pulses delayed capillary refill when warm AMS oliguria: dark urine or dry diaper ```
56
Most of fetal development that could lead to congenital problems occurs during:
first trimester
57
neonatal SZ causes:
sepsis, fever, hypoglycemia, hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, metabolic disturbances, meningitis, developmental abnormalities, or drug withdrawal
58
The most common cause of cardiac arrest in a newborn is
hypoxia
59
The most common form of congenital heart disease
Ventricular Septal Defect
60
Vomiting in the neonate is usually caused by
an anatomical abnormality; or a symptom of ICP or infection
61
Neonatal Apnea causes:
``` Narcotic or CNS Depressants Respiratory muscle weakness Sepsis Metabolic Disorders CNS disorders ```
62
Patent Ductus Arteriosus
ductus arteriosus fails to close
63
Atrial Septal Defect
a hole between the atria allows commixing of blood
64
Ventricular Septal Defect
a hole between the two ventricles
65
Tetralogy of Fallot
1. overriding aorta 2. VSD 3. right ventricular hypertrophy 4. pulmonary outflow tract stenosis
66
Transposition of the great vessels
normal outflow tracts of the right and left ventricles are switched
67
coarctation of the aorta
narrowing in the arch of the aorta that obstructs blood flow
68
pulmonary stenosis
problem with the pulmonary valve that obstructs flow
69
aortic stenosis
problem with the aortic valve that obstructs flow

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