Neoplaisa Flashcards
What is dysplasia?
A preneoplastic alteration where cells show disordered tissue organisation, is not neoplastic so the changes are reversible
What is a tumour?
A clinically detectable lump or swelling of which a neoplasm is just one type
What is a cancer?
A malignant neoplasm
What is a metasis?
A malignant neoplams that s spread from the original site to a non contingous site
What are the two locations of a metasis?
Orignal location is the primary site whereas the new location is the secondary site
What are some of the macroscopic features of a Bengin tumour?
Confined to the site of orgin and does not show metases, grow in a confined local area and have a pushing outer margin.
What are the macroscopic features of a maligant tumor?
Maligant tumours can produce metases, have an irregular outer margin and shape and show areas of necrosis and ulceration
What is differentation with reference to neoplasms?
Well differentiated cells closely resemble the parent tissue, whereas cells become more differentiated as the resemble the parent tissue less and less.
How does differenitation of tumours relate to malignancy?
Benign tumours are well differentiated whereas malignant tumours range from well to poorly differentiated.
What are some of the changes as cells become more poorly differentiated.?
Cells have increasing nuclear size, and the nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio increases, there is increased nuclear stained and more mitotic figures and increasing variation in the size and shape of cells.
How do you use grading to identify the levels of differentation?
High grade means poorly differentiation, G1; tubules, G2= Mitoses and G3= nuclear pleomorphism
How does grade used clinically?
There is a big difference in survial with grade, with higher grades having a worse chance of 5 year survival.
How do mutations form in somatic cells?
Mutations are caused by initiators which are mutagenic agents, and promotes that cause cell proliferation, (germ cell mutations do not require initarots and promotors)
What are the genes commonly affected by genetic alterations?
genetic alterations affect the prooongenes and tumour suppressor genes
What suffix do you use for a bengin neoplams?
-oma
