Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Path Gen 1 > Neoplasia 1 > Flashcards

Neoplasia 1 Flashcards

(99 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

characteristic features of neoplasm

A

new growth, uncontrolled proliferation, no useful function, lacks organization/arrangement (continuous growth after stimulus removal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

increased growth with normal arrangement -> reversible, proliferation ceases when stimulus removed

A

hyperplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

replacement of one fully differentiated cell type by another fully differentiated cell type -> reversible

A

metaplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

pathologic alteration in cell size, shape, organization (primarily within epithelium) -> loss cellular uniformity and architectural organization

A

dysplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

marked dysplastic change involving entire thickness of epithelium (pre-invasive malignant neoplasm)

A

carcinoma in situ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

this pathological condition/tissue change is considered pre-cancerous

A

dysplasia (loss cell uniformity and architectural organization)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

this neoplasm has altered, but regular architecture and monomorphic cells

A

benign

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

cells found in benign neoplasm

A

monomorphic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

this delimits benign neoplasm from surrounding tissue (prevents from invasion)

A

BM, fibrous CT capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

parenchyma composed of multiple tissues derived from multiple embryonic germ cell layers

A

teratoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what gives rise to teratoma?

A

totipotential cells (clonal proliferation of multipotent cell)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

these benign neoplasm aspects are better differentiated than malignant

A

cell morphology, tissue architecture, function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

this gives rise to mixed cell neoplasm

A

single embryonic germ cell layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

exceptions to clonal proliferation neoplasms (don’t arise from just one cell)

A

teratoma, mixed cell neoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

this correlates with degree of differentiation during growth of malignant neoplasm

A

rate of growth (fast growth = really undifferentiated)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

this is proliferating neoplastic cells

A

parenchyma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

this is supporting tissue of neoplasm

A

stroma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

two main components of neoplasm

A

parenchyma and stroma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

stroma proliferate as part of the tumor -> can cause fibrosis and scar tissue formation

A

desmoplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

tumor that has grossly firm consistency -> due to abundance of scar tissue

A

scirrhous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

this occurs as a result of stimulation of surrounding stroma

A

desmoplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

this makes up stroma of neoplasm

A

CT, blood vessels, possibly lymphatics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

germ layer for fibrous CT, adipose, bone/cartilage, synovium, muscle, endothelial cells and related tissue (Blood vessels), blood cells

A

mesoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

malignant form of epithelial (ectoderm/endoderm) neoplasm

A

carcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
malignant mesodermal/mesenchymal neoplasm
sarcoma
26
neoplasm: cell of origin + -oma
mesenchymal benign
27
neoplasm: cell or origin/structure + adenoma
epithelial/glandular benign
28
epithelial/glandular maglinant neoplasm
adenocarcinoma
29
is melanoma malignant or benign?
malignant
30
is seminoma malignant or benign?
malignant
31
neoplasms that are named as benign, but are actually malignant
melanoma, seminoma, lymphoma, hepatoma
32
two conditions that are non-neoplastic uncontrolled growth/unusual mass -> developmental
Choristoma and Hamartoma
33
mass of tissue that is same as tissue around it (non-neoplastic)
hamartoma
34
mass of specific type of tissue located in another area (hepatic tissue in lung)
Choristoma
35
microscopic features of benign neoplasm
well differentiated, homogenous
36
microscopic features of malignant neoplasm
un/poorly differentiated, anaplasia, pleomorphism
37
characteristic of anaplasia
cellular polymorphism and abnormal architecture
38
characterized by cellular pleomorphism and abnormal architecture (loss polarity and features)
anaplasia
39
nuclear features of anaplasia
hyperchromasia, increased nuclear: cytoplasmic ratio, increased/enlarged nucleoli, increased/bizarre mitotic figures
40
cytoplasmic features of anaplasia
basophilia
41
two most reliable criteria for differentiating benign and malignant neoplasms
metastasis and local invasion
42
these display cytologic features of malignancy without invasion of BM
carcinomas in situ
43
primary/initial route for metastasis of carcinoma
lymphatics (# lymph nodes involved = severity)
44
principle/sole route for metastasis of sarcoma
hematogenous
45
secondary route for metastasis of carcinoma
hematogenous
46
tissues that are derived from mesoderm -> give rise to sarcomas
CT, synovium, mesothelium, meninges, muscle, EC/BV, blood cells
47
benign neoplasia on epithelia
papilloma
48
benign neoplasia of epithelia surrounding lumina
polyps
49
this displays cytologic features of malignancy without invasion of BM
carcinomas in situ
50
malignant, soft tissue tumor around the knee
synovial sarcoma (but not really of synovium)
51
cells that have escaped normal growth regulation to proliferate autonomously
neoplasms (benign or malignant)
52
proliferation in absence of growth promoting signals or in spite of growth inhibitory signals
autonomous growth
53
tissues that are most likely to cause cancer
skin, mucosal/ductal epithelium (lung, breast, colon), bone marrow (leukemia, lymphoma)
54
most common causes of DNA damage
mutation, rearrangement of elements, gene reduplication
55
target genes in neoplasm are involved in these processes
growth regulation or control DNA transcription
56
target genes in neoplasm typically target these kinds of proteins
GF, GFR, signal transduction mechanism (RAS), kinase cascade elements, transcription elements
57
tumor suppressor genes (keep cells from replicating if they have damaged DNA)
p53 and Rb
58
damage/mutation to this tumor suppressor gene is involved in most visceral cancers
p53
59
tumor suppressor gene involved in retinoblastoma formation
Rb
60
damage to relevant genes (growth regulation/control of DNA transcription)
initiation of neoplasm
61
expression of damaged relevant genes
promotion of neoplasm
62
what must tumor cells have ability for in order to metastasize? what occurs if cell doesn't have these properties?
ability to move, lyse ECM, adhere to cell types (like endothelium); stable, benign mass
63
7 steps needed for malignant cancer to form
potential to divide, mechanism DNA damage, damage relevant genes, inhibition tumor suppressor mechanisms, proliferation damaged cells, angiogenesis, ability metastasize
64
allows for escape from normal growth regulation in neoplasm formation/oncogenesis
non-lethal genetic alterations
65
main mechanisms for DNA damage
chemical carcinogens, radiation, chronic inflammation, viral oncogenes
66
are neoplasms monoclonal, oligoclonal, or polyclonal?
monoclonal (all cells originate from single cell)
67
non-neoplastic cell changes to neoplastic cell (attainment of capacity of autonomous growth)
transformation
68
cells considered transformed in vitro when they can do these things
grow w/o addition GF, continually proliferating colonies that override normal contact inhibition signals (no contact inhibition, soft agar growth, 3D colony not monolayer)
69
this allows tumors to be visualized in PET
glucose hunger
70
these are secreted in angiogenesis of tumor; what induces it?
VEGF, basic-FGF; hypoxic state
71
sources of angiogenic factors (VEGF, FGF)
hypoxic tumor, ECM-metalloproteinases, MP (in inflammation)
72
characteristics of new blood vessels formed in angiogenesis of tumor; angiogenesis also has positive correlation with these factors
tortuous, leaky, poor blood flow; poorer prognosis, tumor growth, metastasis
73
anti-angiogenic factors
thrombospondin-1, angiostatin (cleave plasminogen), endostatin and tumstatin (cleave collagen)
74
abdominal sarcoma typically metastasizes here
liver
75
these can help in decreasing cohesiveness of tumor cells to clonal population
downregulation E-cadherin, mutations in catenins
76
tumor cells linked to cytoskeleton by these -> transduction molecules underneath plasma membrane
catenins
77
these are responsible for homotypic adhesion of tumor cells in clonal population
cadherins
78
surface molecule expressed in almost all malignant melanomas
MAGE
79
these immune cells are important in viral induced cancers
CD8
80
why are NK cells good to killing cancer cells?
down regulated MHC I expression
81
potential antigens of tumor immunology
mutated genes (onco, tumor suppressor), overexpressed proteins, tumor antigens produced by oncogenic virus, oncofetal antigens, altered surface lipids/proteins
82
tumor mechanisms of escape from immune system
loss MHC, no co-stimulation, immunosuppression, antigen masking, apoptosis CD8
83
overproduction of molecule that isn't normal product of that cell -> ectopic hormone production, hypercalcemia, neuromyopathic, ancanthosis nigracans, clubbing, migratory thrombophlebitis
paraneoplastic syndrome
84
this cancer has high correlation with hypercalcemia (paraneoplastic syndrome)
squamous cell carcinoma
85
examples of paraneoplastic syndrome
ectopic hormone production, hypercalcemia, neuromyopathic, ancanthosis nigricans, hypertrophic osteoarthropathy, migratory thrombophlebitis
86
cancer associated with migratory thrombophlebitis
pancreatic cancer
87
single most important sign of undiscovered tumor; what is it caused by?
cachexia (unexplained weight loss in last 6 mo); overproduction TNF
88
CEA is tumor marker for these cancers
colon, hepatocellular carcinoma
89
a-fetoprotein is tumor marker for this cancer
hepatocellular carcinoma
90
CA-125 is tumor marker for this cancer
ovarian
91
assessing degree of invasion and metastasis ->*most important thing for prognosis*
staging
92
assesses the degree of differentiation (microscopic) -> scale of 1-4, higher the score the less the differentiation and worse the prognosis
grading
93
look for these gene RAR to asses monoclonality (vs oligo or polyclonal)
T cell receptor, Ig gene RAR, Ig synthesis (multiple myeloma)
94
biopsy for immediate diagnosis
frozen section
95
top 5 cancers for men (occurrence)
prostate, lung/bronchus, colon/rectum, urinary bladder, melanoma
96
top 5 cancers for women (occurrence)
breast, lung/bronchus, colon/rectum, uterine corpus, thyroid
97
top 5 cancer deaths for men
lung/bronchus, prostate, colon/rectum, pancreas, liver/intrahepatic bile duct
98
top 5 cancer deaths for women
lung/bronchus, breast, colon/rectum, pancreas, ovary
99
top 5 cancers for children (occurrence)
leukemia/acute lymphocytic, brain/neuroblastoma, soft tissue, non-hodgkin lymphoma, kidney/renal pelvis

Path Gen 1 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions