NEOPLASIA-1

Question 1

1. The most common tumors in women in terms of incidence
2. The most common tumors in women in terms of mortality

Answer 1

1. breast, lung, and colon/rectum
2. lung, breast, and colorectal

Question 2

Malignant tumor arising in bone

Answer 2

Osteosarcoma

Question 3

1. Identify the condition using the clues provided

◦increased risk at an early age for developing skin cancers (basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and malignant melanoma

◦UV radiation causes cross-linking of pyrimidine residues, preventing normal DNA replication.

2. How is this damage repaired in normal individuals?

Answer 3

1. Xeroderma pigmentosum
2. Nucleotide excision repair

Question 4

Malignant tumor arising in cartilaginous tissue

Answer 4

Chondrosarcoma

Question 5

1. Primary/ Metastatic?
2. Why?

Answer 5

1. Metastatic
2. two important features - Multiple, central umbilication with necrosis .

Umbilication refers to the nodular appearance and necrosis occurs as the tumor deposits outgrow their blood supply

Question 6

a benign tumor arising in fibrous tisssue

Answer 6

FIBROMA

Question 7

a neoplasm, benign or malignant, that produces a macroscopically visible projection above a mucosal surface and projects into a lumen

Answer 7

Polyp

Question 8

heterotopic rest of cells appearing as a congenital anomaly

Answer 8

Choristoma

Question 9

1. Tumor containing recognizable mature or immature cells or tissues representative of more than one germ cell layer
2. most common site?

Answer 9

1. Teratoma
2. Ovaries

Question 10

How does p53 accomplish the following?

a. cell cycle arrest
b. apoptosis

Answer 10

a. acts through p21 to cause cell cycle arrest
b. induces BAX to cause apoptosis

Question 11

Identify the inherited condition predisposing to cancer assoc with mutation of the following gene

p53

Answer 11

Li Fraumeni Syndrome

Question 12

1. disorganized but benign-appearing masses composed of cells indigenous to the particular site
2. List 2 examples

Answer 12

1. Hamartoma
2. Pulmonary hamartoma

Peutz Jegher polyp

Question 13

When dysplastic changes are marked and involve the entire thickness of the epithelium but the lesion remains confined by the basement membrane

Answer 13

carcinoma in situ

Question 14

1. List 3 conditions assoc with Defects in DNA Repair by Homologous Recombination

2. What enzyme does the defective gene in Bloom Syndrome normally encode?

Answer 14

1. a. Bloom Syndrome (hypersensitivity to ionizing radiation) b. Ataxia telangiectasia c. Fanconi’s anemia (hypersensitivity to DNA cross linking agents)
2. helicase

Question 15

Identify the material and cancer assoc with this occupation

Refrigerant/ adhesive for plastics

Answer 15

Vinyl chloride- Hepatic angiosarcoma

Question 16

1.Identify the tumor assoc with mutation of the following tumor suppressor gene

RB1

2. What is the normal function of this gene?

Answer 16

1. Familial retinoblastoma syndrome (retinoblastoma, osteosarcoma and other sarcomas)
2. Inhibitor of G1/S cell cycle transition

Question 17

a benign cartilaginous tumor

Answer 17

chondroma

Question 18

Even in the presence of ample oxygen, cancer cells shift their glucose metabolism away from the oxygen hungry, but efficient, mitochondria to glycolysis

Answer 18

Warburg effect

Question 19

Malignant tumor arising in fibrous tissue

Answer 19

Fibrosarcoma

Question 20

1. The most common tumors in men in terms of incidence
2. The most common tumors in men in terms of mortality

Answer 20

1. prostate, lung, and colon/rectum
2. lung, prostate, and colorectal

Question 21

1. Identify the familial tumor assoc with mutation of the following tumor suppressor gene

E- cadherin

2. What are the 2 sporadic cancers assoc with mutation of E-cadherin?

Answer 21

1. Familial gastric carcinoma
2. Lobular carcinoma - breast

Gastric carcinoma

Question 22

7 ESSENTIAL ALTERATIONS FOR MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION

Answer 22

1. Self-sufficiency in growth signals
2. Insensitivity to growth-inhibitory signals
3. Evasion of apoptosis
4. Limitless replicative potential
5. Sustained angiogenesis
6. Ability to invade and metastasize
7. Defects in DNA repair

Question 23

1. divergent differentiation of a single neoplastic clone along two lineages
2. example?

Answer 23

1. Mixed tumor
2. Pleomorphic adenoma

Question 24

Malignant tumor arising from skeletal muscle cells

Answer 24

Rhabdomyosarcoma

Question 25

**Identify the tumor assoc with mutation of the following proto-oncogene** ERBB1

Answer 25

Adenocarcinoma of lung

Question 26

Identify the tumor assoc with mutation of the following proto-oncogene PDGF

Answer 26

Astrocytoma

Question 27

1. Identify the tumor assoc with mutation of the following tumor suppressor gene p53 2. How will you identify this syndrome on clinical presentation?

Answer 27

1. Li- Fraumeni syndrome 2. You will see a **family history of different lineage tumors**- sarcomas, breast cancer, leukemias, brain tumors, and carcinomas of the adrenal cortex **(sarcomas, carcinomas and hematopoietic tumors)**

Question 28

lack of differentiation

Answer 28

Anaplasia

Question 29

Identify the tumor assoc with mutation of the following tumor suppressor gene SMAD2, SMAD4

Answer 29

Juvenile polyposis

Question 30

Identify the tumor assoc with mutation of the following proto-oncogene RET

Answer 30

MEN 2A MEN 2B FAMILIAL MEDULLARY THYROID CARCINOMA

Question 31

**Identify the inherited condition predisposing to cancer assoc with mutation of the following gene** PTEN

Answer 31

Cowden Syndrome

Question 32

**Identify the inherited condition predisposing to cancer assoc with mutation of the following gene** APC

Answer 32

Familial adenomatous polyposis

Question 33

tumor composed of benign fat cells with empty spaces.

Answer 33

LIPOMA

Question 34

benign epithelial neoplasm derived from glands

Answer 34

adenoma

Question 35

What is the mode of activation of tumor following mutation of N-myc and L-myc in neuroblastoma and small cell cancer of lung?

Answer 35

Amplification

Question 36

1. Identify the tumor assoc with mutation of the following proto-oncogene NF-1 2. What is the normal function of this gene?

Answer 36

1. Neurofibromatosis (mutliple neurofibromas and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors) 2. Inhibitor of RAS/MAPK signaling

Question 37

**Identify the material and cancer assoc with this occupation** Principla component of light oil, printing industry

Answer 37

Benzene- Acute myeloid leukemias

Question 38

Identify the inherited condition predisposing to cancer assoc with mutation of the following gene MSH2, MLH1, MLH6

Answer 38

HNPCC/Lynch Syndrome

Question 39

Malignant tumor arising in mesenchymal tissue

Answer 39

sarcoma

Question 40

benign smooth muscle tumor

Answer 40

leiomyoma

Question 41

Identify the tumor assoc with mutation of the following proto-oncogene BRAF

Answer 41

Melanoma

Question 42

**1. Identify the following condition using the clues provided** * familial carcinomas of the colon affecting predominantly the cecum and proximal colon * Assoc with mutation of the _MSH2 , MLH1_ genes 2. What is the _primary role of these genes_? 3. What is one hallmark of patients with these gee defects?

Answer 42

1. HNPCC/Lynch Syndrome 2. DNA mismatch repair 3. microsatellite instability

Question 43

Benign epithelial neoplasms producing microscopically or macroscopically visible finger-like or warty projections from epithelial surfaces

Answer 43

papillomas

Question 44

Malignant tumor arising from smooth muscle cells

Answer 44

Leiomyosarcoma

Question 45

the first node in a regional lymphatic basin that receives lymph flow from the primary tumor

Answer 45

Sentinel lymph node

Question 46

Identify this tumor and grade it

Answer 46

Squamous cell carcinoma; well-differentiated

Question 47

**_Identify the material and cancer assoc with this occupation_** **Shipbuilding yard, roofing industry, insulation**

Answer 47

Asbestos- mesothelioma, bronchogenic adenocarcinoma

Question 48

Identify the tumor assoc with mutation of the following proto-oncogene KRAS

Answer 48

Lung, colon,pancreatic tumors

Question 49

Tumors that produce papillary patterns and protrude into cystic spaces

Answer 49

papillary cystadenomas.

Question 50

Identify the tumor assoc with mutation of the following proto-oncogene ERBB2

Answer 50

Breast carcinoma

Question 51

Identify the tumor assoc with mutation of the following tumor suppressor gene VHL

Answer 51

Von Hippel Lindau Syndrome (renal cell carcinoma, cerebellar hemangioblastoma, retinal angioma)

Question 52

**Identify the material and cancer assoc with this occupation** Mining of uranium in underground mines

Answer 52

Radon- lung carcinomas

Question 53

**What is the below mentioned entity an example of?** gastric tissue located in distal ileum in Meckel diverticulum

Answer 53

Choristoma

Question 54

90% of malignancies of the head and neck region belong to which subtype?

Answer 54

Squamous cell carcinomas