Neoplasia Flashcards
Cancers (100 cards)
1
Q
Neoplasia characteristics are
A
1- unlimited
2- uncontrolled
3- irreversible
Proliferation
2
Q
Classification of neoplasia according to behavior
A
- benign (no invasion no spread)
- locally malignant ( invasion no spread)
- malignant ( invasion and spread)
3
Q
Microscopic structure
1-……
2-……
A
1- parenchyma
2- stroma
4
Q
Anaplasia
A
1- pleomorphism 2- hyperchromatism 3- increased N/C ratio_ more than 1:4 4-frequent abnormal mitosis 5- abnormal nuclei ( anisonucleosis) 6- multiple prominent nucleoli 7- tumor giant cells 8- loss of polarity 9- functional change 10- chromosomal change
5
Q
Epithelial parenchyma is like
A
1-Acini
2- papillae
3- sheets
4- cords
6
Q
Mesenchymal parenchyma is like
A
1- bundles
2- whorls
7
Q
the stroma of any tumor is formed of
A
1- collagenous fibrous tissue
2- blood vessels
8
Q
the inflammatory reaction can be detected in tumor because
A
1- 2ry infection ( granuloma)
2- an immune reaction against tumor as seminoma
9
Q
microscopic changes of dysplasia
A
anaplasia + loss of polarity
10
Q
the main cause of dysplasia is
A
chronic irritation and chronic inflammation
11
Q
site of dysplasia is
A
epithelium ( surface and gland)
12
Q
dysplasia is (reversible or not )
A
reversible
13
Q
grades of dysplasia in stratified epithelium
A
1- grade 1 (mild) lower third (reversible
2- grade 2 ( moderate) lower 2/3 (reversible)
3- grade 3 (severe ) full-thickness may change to CIS
14
Q
Dysplasia is precancerous or not
A
precancerous
15
Q
the behavior of benign tumors: rate of growth....... mode of growth....... effect...... spread..... recurrence..... prognosis......
A
=slow =expansion =compression-obstruction-hormonal secretion-maybe malignant =absent =not recurrent =good rognosis
16
Q
the behavior of malignant: rate of growth..... mode of growth..... effect..... spread... recurrence... prognosis......
A
=fast =invasion =same with benign + metastases =present =recurrent =bad prognosis
17
Q
benign tumor can grow rapidly
A
leiomyoma
18
Q
benign tumor shrink suddenly due to ischemia
A
pituitary adenoma
19
Q
the malignant tumor may shrink and disappear why? ex
A
due to the host immunity
melanoma
20
Q
causes of recurrence of malignant tumor
A
1- genetic mutation of the area of the cancer
2- insufficient removal
3- metastases
21
Q
gross picture of benign tumor
shape…
capsule…
surrounding area…
A
=in solid organs: rounded or oval
in surface epith: papilloma(in skin) or polyp(in GIT)
=capsulated
=compressed
22
Q
ex of benign tumor with false capsule
A
leiomyoma
23
Q
gross picture of malignant tumor
shape…
capsule…
surrounding tissue…
A
=in solid organ: irregular ill-defined
in surface epith: fungating cauliflower- malignant ulcer - diffuse infiltrative
=not capsulated
=infiltrated
24
Q
microscopic picture of benign
differentiation. ..
anaplasia. ..
A
=well differentiated
= absent
25
microscopic picture of malignant
differentiation. ..
anaplasia. ..
=well, moderate, poor or undifferentiated
| =present
26
characters of a malignant ulcer
raised everted edges
necrotic hemorrhagic floor
fixed indurated base
27
```
behavior of carcinoma
rate of growth...
mode of growth...
spread...
prognosis...
incidence...
age...
```
```
=less rapid
=infiltration
=early lymphatic
=relatively better
=more common
=old age
```
28
```
behavior of sarcoma
rate of growth ...
mode of growth...
spread...
prognosis...
incidence...
age...
```
```
=rapid
=infiltration and expansion
=early blood spread
=worse
=less common
=young age
```
29
```
gross picture of carcinoma
size...
shape...
C/S...
consistency...
```
```
=relatively small
=in solid organs: irregular ill-defined
in surface epith: fungating- ulcer- diffuse
=gryish white (desmoplasia)
=firm
```
30
```
gross picture of sarcoma
size...
shape...
C/S...
consistency...
```
=large bulky mass
=irregular ill-defined
=homgenous with extensive necrosis and hge
=soft fleshy
31
microscopic picture of carcinoma
differentiation. ..
cohesion. ..
anaplasia. ..
stroma. ..
=more
=more
=present
=less vascular more fibrous
32
microscopic picture of sarcoma
differentiation. ..
cohesion. ..
anaplasia. ..
stroma. ..
=less
=less
=more
=highly vascular scant fibrous stroma
33
tumors with no spread
1- benign
2- locally malignant
3- a malignant brain
34
methods of spread of malignant tumors are:-
1- lymphatic (carcinoma)
2-hematogenous (sarcoma)
3-spread through body cavities (Kruckenberg)
4- perineural (prostatic, pancreatic, parotid )
5- intraepithelial (canalicular)
35
types of lymphatic spread
1- permeation
| 2- embolism
36
lymphatic spread:-
mechanism. ..
effects. ..
=proliferation
=1- edema
2- retrograde lymphatic spread. EX. virchow LN
37
lymphatic embolism:-
mechanism. ..
effects. ..
=tumor emboli
| =lymphatic spread
38
LN which is invaded by tumor is:-
large- firm- fixed- painless
39
LN enlargement in the tumor is due to
- metastases
| - reactive lymphadenitis by cancer products
40
the 1st LN receiving metastases in regional LN is:-
sentinel LN
41
Mechanism of hematogenous spread:-
- invasion of veins
| - immune escape by covering with platelets (tumor embolus)
42
carcinomas that invade blood vessels early:-
-RCC
-HCC
thyroid
-prostate
43
common sites of metastases
liver -bone -lung -brain
44
bone metastases
- thyroid
- lung
- breast
- renal
- prostatic
45
bone, liver, lung metastases
sarcomas
46
brain metastases
bronchial carcinoma
47
lung metastases
seminoma
| RCC
48
Organs that do not allow tumor metastases to grow:-
spleen
heart
skeletal muscles
49
types of spread through body cavities
1- transceoloomic (krukenberg )
| 2- CSF (medulloblastoma to meninges)
50
intraepithelial spread
=duct carcinoma
=endometrial carcinoma
=RCC
51
gross of papilloma
- pedunculated or sessile
| - single or multiple branching
52
microscopic picture of papilloma
- core: fibrovascular stroma
| - covering: proliferated epithelium
53
complications of papilloma
- ulceration (so) 2ry infection
| - rare malignant transformation
54
adenoma includes:-
- benign tumor of glandular epithelium
| - benign tumor of GIT start from the stomach
55
gross picture of adenoma in solid organs is
capsulated well defined
56
gross picture of adenoma in GIT is
polyp
57
other gross pictures of adenomas
- cystadenoma
| - papillary cystadenoma
58
microscopic picture of adenoma is
glandular tissue and stroma
59
complications of adenoma
- secretion
| - malignant transformation
60
sites of SCC
- stratified squamous epithelium
| - on top of squamous metaplasia
61
gross picture of SCC
- fungating
- ulcer
- infiltrating
62
microscopic picture of SCC
- malignant st.sq epith
- anaplasia
- keratin nests
- stroma
- inflamation
- esinophilic
63
grading of SCC is
broder's
64
explain Broder's grading
- grad 1:50%-100% of masses make cell nests
- grad 2:25%-50% of masses make cell nests
- grad 3:less than 25% of masses make cell nests
- grad 4:no cell nest
65
what is the most common malignant cancer of the skin
basal cell carcinoma
66
the type of basal cell carcinoma according to behavior
locally malignant
67
basal cell carcinoma
rodent ulcer
68
sites affected by basal cell carcinoma
sun-exposed areas as the upper part of the face-back- shoulders-hands
69
predisposing factors of the basal cell carcinoma
UV rays - arsenic - radiation - fair white people - more in men
70
gross picture of basal cell carcinoma
- begin as red nodules
| - ulcer (inverted rolled edge)
71
microscopic picture of basal cell carcinoma
-malignant cells with ( basaloid masses - palisading - stroma - melanin pigment)
72
complication of basal cell carcinoma
- local invasion
| - 2ry infection
73
grading of adenocarcinoma is according to
acinar formation
74
grading of adenocarcinoma
grad 1: more than 50% of acini are well differentiated
grad 2: 25%-50% of acini are moderately differentiated
grad 3: less than 25%: poorly differentiated
*undifferentiated adenocarcinoma: -mucoid
-signet ring
75
characters of mucoid adenocarcinoma are
- extracellular mucin lakes
| - malignant glands
76
characters of signet ring adenocarcinoma
adenocarcinoma with intracellular mucin
77
what is the most common benign tumor is
haemangioma
78
sites of haemangioma
subcutaneous
| organs
79
microscopic picture of haemangioma
- vascular spaces
- endothelial lining
- containing RBCs
- fibrous stroma
80
types of haemangioma
-capillary for skin
| cavernous for organs
81
lymphangioma in neck is called
cystic hygroma
82
lymphangioma of tongue
macroglossia
83
lymphangioma of lips
macrochelia
84
microscopic picture of lymphangioma
-vascular spaces
-lining epith
-lymph and lymphocytes
stroma
85
nevus is
benign tumor of melanocytes
86
microscopic sites of nevus
junctional
compound
intradermal
87
The prognosis of melanoma depends on
depth of invasion
88
origin of teratoma
totipotent stem cells
89
sites of teratoma
- midline
| - gonads
90
types of teratoma
-mature ex. dermoid cyst
-immature
-mature with malignant transformation
monodermal ex. struma ovarii
91
types of embryonic tumors
- medulloblastoma (cerebellum)
- retinoblastoma (eye)
- hepatoblastoma (liver)
- neuroblastoma (adrenal medulla)
- nephroblastoma or WILM's tumor (renal)
92
hamartoma is
tumor-like mass of disorganized mature tissue
93
choristoma is
congenital ectopic tissue
94
locally malignant tumors are
- adamentenoma (base of the mandible)
- astrocytoma grade 2
- basal cell carcinoma
- carcinoid (lung)
- desmoid
- giant cell (knee joint)
95
grading of malignant tumors depends on
morphology and differentiation
96
staging of malignant tumors depends on
behavior
97
what is the TNM system
for staging
T: tumor size
N: LNs
M: metastasis
98
T
T0: CIS
T1: 2-5cm
T2: 5-10cm
T4: more than 10cm
99
N
N0: no LN met
N1: regional LN
N2: extensive regional LN met
N3: distant LN met
100
M
M0: no spread
M1: distant blood spread
