Neoplasia

Question 1

A tumor is a ______ or a mass of ___ that arises because of ___

Answer 1

Swelling; cells that arises because of overgrowth

Question 2

A neoplasm is an

Answer 2

Abnormal mass of tissue

Question 3

Describe growth regarding a neoplasm

Answer 3

Exceeds and is uncoordinated with that of the normal tissue

Question 4

Neoplasia is the

Answer 4

Process of new growth

Question 5

Metastasis is the process of

Answer 5

Cells detaching from the original tumor mass and invading the surrounding tissue

Question 6

How do tumors spread in mestastasis?

Answer 6

Through the blood and lymph systems

Question 7

Carcinoma in situ is a

Answer 7

Localized preinvasive lesion

Question 8

Anaplasia is the

Answer 8

Loss of cell differentiation in cancerous tissue

Question 9

How are tumors named?

Answer 9

Add the suffix -oma to the parenchymal (the functional tissue of an organ) tissue type from which the growth originated

Question 10

Benign tumors have lost their ability to (1)___but retained the program for (2) __

Answer 10

1) Suppress the genetic program for cell proliferation
2) Cell differentiation

meaning they grow and expand but remain localized

Question 11

Benign tumors develop a __ which make them easier to be removed surgically

Answer 11

Fibrous capsule

Question 12

The fibrous capsule around a benign tumor provides a

Answer 12

Line of demarcation

Question 13

Malignant tumors have ___ cell differentiation and growth

And growth is

Answer 13

Altered

Uncoordinated

Question 14

What problems can occur with malignant tumors?

Answer 14

• may compress blood vessels
• can outgrow blood supply (causes ischemia/tissue injury)
• various types of tissue injury

Question 15

Benign rate of growth

Answer 15

Progressive and slow - may come to standstill or regress

Question 16

With malignant tumors, rate of growth depends on ___

____ grow more rapidly

Answer 16

The level of differentiation

Undifferentiated cells

Question 17

3 pathways cancer can spread

Answer 17

1. Direct invasion and extension
2. Seeding
3. Metastatic spread

Question 18

In direct invasion and extension, the cells __ and __ enzymes that

Answer 18

Synthesize and secrete enzymes that breakdown proteins

Question 19

Which pathway of cancer is crablike?

Answer 19

Direct invasion and extension

Question 20

What happens in the seeding of cancer cells in body cavities?

Answer 20

The tumor sheds cells into body cavities

Question 21

There are two kinds of metastatic spread

Answer 21

Lymphatic spread

Hematologic spread

Question 22

In lymphatic spread, the first evidence of disease is

Answer 22

The presence of tumor cells in the lymph nodes that drain the tumor area

Question 23

The sentinel node is

Answer 23

The initial lymph node to which the primary tumor drains

Question 24

In hematologic spread, cancerous cells enter

Answer 24

The venous flow that drains from the tumor site

Question 25

Other than venous flow, cancerous cells can also enter

Answer 25

Tumor-associated blood vessels

Question 26

Why is the liver a common site of metastasis?

Answer 26

Because the venous blood from the GI tract, pancreas and spleen passes through the portal vein to the liver

Question 27

What all does a cancer have to do to find a new home?

Answer 27

1. Break loose 2. Invade surrounding extracellular matrix 3. Get into a blood vessel 4. Survive passage 5. Invade new tissue 6. Grow 7. Get new blood supply Think of Jack on the titanic if Rose had let him on the door!

Question 28

Molecular pathogenesis starts with __ that changes cell ___ and causes __ cell to become __ cell

Answer 28

Genetic damage/mutation Physiology Normal cell to become cancer cell

Question 29

Proto-oncogenes are

Answer 29

Normal genes that become cancer-causing oncogenes if mutated

Question 30

What happens if a tumor suppressor gene doesn't work?

Answer 30

Cancer is allowed to run rampant **Think of if someone left their job on conveyor belt**

Question 31

There are three host factors related to cancer

Answer 31

Heredity Hormones Immunologic mechanisms

Question 32

An inherited mutation usually has one __ of a__ that causes the problem People that inherit the mutated __ are born with one ___ and one ___ copy

Answer 32

Allele of a tumor suppressor gene Gene One normal and one mutant copy

Question 33

How many types of cancer have been found to have a hereditary predisposition?

Answer 33

Approximately 50 types

Question 34

The link between hormones and cancer is

Answer 34

Unclear

Question 35

The suggested link between hormones and cancer is that hormones drive the ____ of a ____ phenotype

Answer 35

Cell division | Malignant

Question 36

The immune surveillance hypothesis states that the ____ plays a central role in resistance against ____

Answer 36

Immune system | Development of tumors

Question 37

Immunologic mechanisms provide a means for the __ __ __ of cancers

Answer 37

Detection Classification Prognostic evaluation

Question 38

The ____ of the immune system might be associated with the development of cancer if it is ___

Answer 38

Surveillance capacity | Impaired

Question 39

There are three environmental factors related to cancer

Answer 39

Chemical carcinogens Radiation Oncogenic viruses

Question 40

What are the two types of chemical carcinogens?

Answer 40

Direct-reacting agents | Indirect-reacting agents

Question 41

________ agents do not require activation in the body to become carcinogenic

Answer 41

Direct-reacting

Question 42

_______ agents become active only after conversion

Answer 42

Indirect-reacting

Question 43

Indirect-reacting agents are also called

Answer 43

Procarcinogens or initiators

Question 44

Examples of chemical carcinogens are

Answer 44

Alcohol Nicotine High fat diet

Question 45

The type of cancer that develops from radiation exposure depends on

Answer 45

- The dose of radiation - Person's gender - Age when exposure occurred

Question 46

Oncogenic viruses enter _(1)_ and become incorporated into its _(2)_, then takes control of _(3)_ for the purpose of _(4)_

Answer 46

1) A host cell 2) Chromosomal DNA 3) The cell's machinery 4) Producing viral proteins

Question 47

4 DNA viruses have been identified in human cancers

Answer 47

The human papillomavirus (HPV) Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) Hepatitis B virus (HBV) Human herpesvirus-8

Question 48

The only RNA virus known to cause cancer in humans is

Answer 48

Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus-1 (HTLV-1)

Question 49

Clinical manifestations reflect

Answer 49

The primary site of involvment

Question 50

Local manifestations are

Answer 50

Clinical manifestations

Question 51

Generalized manifestations and symptoms are

Answer 51

Unrelated to tumor site

Question 52

Paraneoplastic symptoms are

Answer 52

Generalized manifestations

Question 53

What are signs that a tumor is growing?

Answer 53

``` Blood vessels are compressed and eroded Ulceration and necrosis Flank bleeding Hemorrhage A sore or wound doesn't heal ```

Question 54

Effusion is where

Answer 54

Fluid develops in spaces

Question 55

Effusion develops in what three spaces?

Answer 55

Pleural Pericardial Peritoneal

Question 56

The most common causes of malignant pleural effusions are

Answer 56

Lung cancers Breast cancers Lymphomas

Question 57

Common signs of ovarian cancer are

Answer 57

Abdominal discomfort Swelling/increase in abdominal girth SOB Increased urinary urgency/frequency

Question 58

Some manifestations of cancer are not directly linked to the presence of a tumor but to

Answer 58

Altered metabolic pathways and presence of circulating cytokines and other mediators

Question 59

Anemia may be related to May be secondary to

Answer 59

Blood loss Hemolysis Decreased RBC production Treatments

Question 60

Anorexia and cachexia are characterized by

Answer 60

Decreased food intake Decreased taste Muscle wasting

Question 61

Anorexia and cachexia are due to

Answer 61

Hypermetabolic state and altered nutrition metabolism

Question 62

Fatigue and sleep are due to Not relieved by Can last for

Answer 62

Cancer and treatment Sleep or rest Months or years after treatment