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Pathology > Neoplasia > Flashcards

Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

Abnormal mass of tissue w/ excessive and uncoordinated growth compared to that of normal tissues
Growth persists after cessation of the stimuli that evoked the growth

A

Neoplasm

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2
Q

LOCALIZED neoplasm
Usually end with - oma EXCEPT - seminoma, lymphoma, dysgerminoma, hepatoma (HCC) and melanoma

A

Benign Neoplasm

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3
Q

Neoplasms that INVADE and DESTROY adjacent tissues

A

Malignant Neoplasm

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4
Q

Malignant neoplasms of EPITHELIAL origin
Usually spread by LYMPHATIC route

i.e. colorectal adenocarcinoma

A

Carcinomas

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5
Q

Malignant neoplasms of MESENCHYMAL origin
Usually spread by HEMATOGENOUS route

i.e. uterine leiomyosarcoma

A

Sarcomas

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6
Q

Benign but DISORGANIZED appearance of tissue indigenous to a particular organ

i.e Peutz-Jegher polyp

A

Hamartoma

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7
Q

Cytologically and architecturally normal tissue in an ectopic location

i.e. Ectopic gastric tissue in Meckel diverticulum

A

Choristoma

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8
Q

Extent to which neoplastic cells resemble their normal forebears morphologically and functionally

A

Differentiation

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9
Q

Considered a HALLMARK of MALIGNANCY
“to form backward”
Used to describe cells w/ little or no differentiation

A

Anaplasia

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10
Q

Disorderly but non-neoplastic proliferation of cells
Loss of uniformity of individual cells and of their architectural orientation

A

Dysplasia

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11
Q

Dysplastic changes that involve the ENTIRE thickness of the epithelium WITHOUT violation of the basement membrane

A

Carcinoma in Situ

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12
Q

Fibrous tissue formation in response to neoplasm

A

Desmoplasia

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13
Q

Development of secondary implants discontinuous with the primary tumor in remote tissues
Identifies a neoplasm as MALIGNANT

A

Metastasis

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14
Q

The 2nd most reliable feature that distinguishes malignant from benign tumor

A

Local Invasiveness

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15
Q

Top 3 common cancers in CHILDREN

A

ALL
CNS tumors
Burkitt lymphoma

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16
Q

Top 3 common cancers in MALES

A

Prostate
Lungs
Colorectal

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17
Q

Top 3 common cancers in FEMALES

A

Breast
Lungs
Colorectal

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18
Q

Top 3 common cancers MORTALITIES in MALES

A

Lungs
Prostate
Colorectal

19
Q

Top 3 common cancers MORTALITIES in FEMALES

A

Lungs
Breast
Colorectal

20
Q

Hallmarks of Cancer

A

Self sufficiency in growth signals
Insensitivity to growth inhibitory signals
Altered cellular metabolism
Evasion of apoptosis
Limitless replicative potential (immortality)
Sustained angiogenesis
Ability to invade and metastasize
Ability to evade the host immune response

21
Q

Normal cellular genes whose products PROMOTE CELL PROLIFERATION

A

Proto-oncogenes

RAS - MC mutated proto-oncogene in human cancers
ABL

22
Q

Mutant or overexpressed versions of proto-oncogenes that function autonomously w/o a requirement for normal growth-promoting signals

A

Oncogenes

23
Q

Genes whose products APPLY BRAKES to the cell proliferation
Abnormalities in these genes – CARCINOGENES

A

Tumor Suppressor Genes

24
Q

GOVERNOR OF THE CELL CYCLE
Tumor suppressor gene that exerts ANTIPROLIFERATIVE effects by controlling G1-S checkpoint in the cell cycle

Mutated in retinoblastoma
Key element in HPV tumorigenesis

A

Rb - chromosome 13

RETINOBLASTOMA
OSTEOSARCOMA

25
Q

GUARDIAN OF THE GENOME
Tumor suppressor gene that regulates cell cycle progression, DNA repair, cellular senescence and apoptosis

The MOST FREQUENTLY MUTATED TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE in human cancers

A

p53 - chromosome 17

Mutated in Li-Fraumeni syndrome

26
Q

Progressive loss of body fat and lean body mass accompanied by profound weakness, anorexia, anemia in cancer patients

TNF - main cytokine implicated

A

Cancer Cachexia

27
Q

Signs and symptoms not referable to the anatomic distribution of the tumor
Usually d.t. ectopic hormone produced by the tumor cells

A

Paraneoplastic Syndrome

ectopic ACTH production (Cushing syndrome) in small cell lung cancer
hypercalcemia in squamous cell carcinoma (d.t. PTHrp expression)

28
Q

Term used to describe the degree of DIFFERENTIATION based on HISTOLOGIC appearance of the tumor

A

Tumor Grade

Gleason scoring in Prostatic adenocarcinoma
FIGO grading for endometrioid endometrial carcinomas

29
Q

Term used to describe the degree of LOCALIZATION/SPREAD OF TUMOR
With more prognostic value than tumor grade

USUAL CRITERIA
-location and size of the primary tumor
-nodal status
-(+) distant metastases

A

Tumor stage

30
Q

Condition secondary to release of products of dying cancer cells during chemotherapy

A

Tumor Lysis Syndrome
HYPERkalemia
HYPERphosphatemia
HYPERuricemia
HYPOcalcemia

31
Q

Anaplasia

A

pleomorphism
abnormal nuclear morphology
mitosis
loss of polarity
necrosis

32
Q

Abnormal nuclear morphology in Anaplasia

A

nuclear pleomorphism
increased nuclear: cytoplasmic (N:C) ratio
hyperchromasia
coarse chromatin pattern
prominent nucleoli

33
Q

Primary route for CARCINOMAS

A

LYMPHATIC SPREAD

34
Q

Primary route for SARCOMAS

A

HEMATOGENOUS SPREAD

35
Q

FOUR CARCINOMAS ROUTE HEMATOGENOUSLY

A

Follicular
Choriocarcinoma
Renal Cell Ca
Hepatocellular Ca

36
Q

All malignant tumors metastasize EXCEPT

A

Gliomas
BCC

36
Q

All malignant tumors metastasize EXCEPT

A

Gliomas
BCC

37
Q

Mutated genes –> excessive cell growth

A

ONCOGENES

38
Q

Normal cellular genes whose products promote CELL PROLIFERATION

A

PROTO-ONCOGENES

39
Q

MC type of abnormality involving proto-oncogenes in human tumors

A

RAS

40
Q

Major cause of morbidity and mortality

A

INVASION AND METASTASIS

41
Q

Cancers that metastasize to the BRAIN

A

LUNGS
breast
melanoma
colon
kidney

42
Q

Cancers that metastasize to the LIVER

A

COLON
stomach
pancreas

43
Q

Cancers that metastasize to the BONE

A

PROSTATE
breast
kidney
thyroid
lungs

Pathology (24 decks)

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