Neoplasia

Question 1

Abnormal mass of tissue w/ excessive and uncoordinated growth compared to that of normal tissues
Growth persists after cessation of the stimuli that evoked the growth

Answer 1

Neoplasm

Question 2

LOCALIZED neoplasm
Usually end with - oma EXCEPT - seminoma, lymphoma, dysgerminoma, hepatoma (HCC) and melanoma

Answer 2

Benign Neoplasm

Question 3

Neoplasms that INVADE and DESTROY adjacent tissues

Answer 3

Malignant Neoplasm

Question 4

Malignant neoplasms of EPITHELIAL origin
Usually spread by LYMPHATIC route

i.e. colorectal adenocarcinoma

Answer 4

Carcinomas

Question 5

Malignant neoplasms of MESENCHYMAL origin
Usually spread by HEMATOGENOUS route

i.e. uterine leiomyosarcoma

Answer 5

Sarcomas

Question 6

Benign but DISORGANIZED appearance of tissue indigenous to a particular organ

i.e Peutz-Jegher polyp

Answer 6

Hamartoma

Question 7

Cytologically and architecturally normal tissue in an ectopic location

i.e. Ectopic gastric tissue in Meckel diverticulum

Answer 7

Choristoma

Question 8

Extent to which neoplastic cells resemble their normal forebears morphologically and functionally

Answer 8

Differentiation

Question 9

Considered a HALLMARK of MALIGNANCY
“to form backward”
Used to describe cells w/ little or no differentiation

Answer 9

Anaplasia

Question 10

Disorderly but non-neoplastic proliferation of cells
Loss of uniformity of individual cells and of their architectural orientation

Answer 10

Dysplasia

Question 11

Dysplastic changes that involve the ENTIRE thickness of the epithelium WITHOUT violation of the basement membrane

Answer 11

Carcinoma in Situ

Question 12

Fibrous tissue formation in response to neoplasm

Answer 12

Desmoplasia

Question 13

Development of secondary implants discontinuous with the primary tumor in remote tissues
Identifies a neoplasm as MALIGNANT

Answer 13

Metastasis

Question 14

The 2nd most reliable feature that distinguishes malignant from benign tumor

Answer 14

Local Invasiveness

Question 15

Top 3 common cancers in CHILDREN

Answer 15

ALL
CNS tumors
Burkitt lymphoma

Question 16

Top 3 common cancers in MALES

Answer 16

Prostate
Lungs
Colorectal

Question 17

Top 3 common cancers in FEMALES

Answer 17

Breast
Lungs
Colorectal

Question 18

Top 3 common cancers MORTALITIES in MALES

Answer 18

Lungs
Prostate
Colorectal

Question 19

Top 3 common cancers MORTALITIES in FEMALES

Answer 19

Lungs
Breast
Colorectal

Question 20

Hallmarks of Cancer

Answer 20

Self sufficiency in growth signals
Insensitivity to growth inhibitory signals
Altered cellular metabolism
Evasion of apoptosis
Limitless replicative potential (immortality)
Sustained angiogenesis
Ability to invade and metastasize
Ability to evade the host immune response

Question 21

Normal cellular genes whose products PROMOTE CELL PROLIFERATION

Answer 21

Proto-oncogenes

RAS - MC mutated proto-oncogene in human cancers
ABL

Question 22

Mutant or overexpressed versions of proto-oncogenes that function autonomously w/o a requirement for normal growth-promoting signals

Answer 22

Oncogenes

Question 23

Genes whose products APPLY BRAKES to the cell proliferation
Abnormalities in these genes – CARCINOGENES

Answer 23

Tumor Suppressor Genes

Question 24

GOVERNOR OF THE CELL CYCLE
Tumor suppressor gene that exerts ANTIPROLIFERATIVE effects by controlling G1-S checkpoint in the cell cycle

Mutated in retinoblastoma
Key element in HPV tumorigenesis

Answer 24

Rb - chromosome 13

RETINOBLASTOMA
OSTEOSARCOMA

Question 25

GUARDIAN OF THE GENOME Tumor suppressor gene that regulates cell cycle progression, DNA repair, cellular senescence and apoptosis The MOST FREQUENTLY MUTATED TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE in human cancers

Answer 25

p53 - chromosome 17 Mutated in Li-Fraumeni syndrome

Question 26

Progressive loss of body fat and lean body mass accompanied by profound weakness, anorexia, anemia in cancer patients TNF - main cytokine implicated

Answer 26

Cancer Cachexia

Question 27

Signs and symptoms not referable to the anatomic distribution of the tumor Usually d.t. ectopic hormone produced by the tumor cells

Answer 27

Paraneoplastic Syndrome ectopic ACTH production (Cushing syndrome) in small cell lung cancer hypercalcemia in squamous cell carcinoma (d.t. PTHrp expression)

Question 28

Term used to describe the degree of DIFFERENTIATION based on HISTOLOGIC appearance of the tumor

Answer 28

Tumor Grade Gleason scoring in Prostatic adenocarcinoma FIGO grading for endometrioid endometrial carcinomas

Question 29

Term used to describe the degree of LOCALIZATION/SPREAD OF TUMOR With more prognostic value than tumor grade USUAL CRITERIA -location and size of the primary tumor -nodal status -(+) distant metastases

Answer 29

Tumor stage

Question 30

Condition secondary to release of products of dying cancer cells during chemotherapy

Answer 30

Tumor Lysis Syndrome HYPERkalemia HYPERphosphatemia HYPERuricemia HYPOcalcemia

Question 31

Anaplasia

Answer 31

pleomorphism abnormal nuclear morphology mitosis loss of polarity necrosis

Question 32

Abnormal nuclear morphology in Anaplasia

Answer 32

nuclear pleomorphism increased nuclear: cytoplasmic (N:C) ratio hyperchromasia coarse chromatin pattern prominent nucleoli

Question 33

Primary route for CARCINOMAS

Answer 33

LYMPHATIC SPREAD

Question 34

Primary route for SARCOMAS

Answer 34

HEMATOGENOUS SPREAD

Question 35

FOUR CARCINOMAS ROUTE HEMATOGENOUSLY

Answer 35

Follicular Choriocarcinoma Renal Cell Ca Hepatocellular Ca

Question 36

All malignant tumors metastasize EXCEPT

Answer 36

Gliomas BCC

Question 36

All malignant tumors metastasize EXCEPT

Answer 36

Gliomas BCC

Question 37

Mutated genes --> excessive cell growth

Answer 37

ONCOGENES

Question 38

Normal cellular genes whose products promote CELL PROLIFERATION

Answer 38

PROTO-ONCOGENES

Question 39

MC type of abnormality involving proto-oncogenes in human tumors

Answer 39

RAS

Question 40

Major cause of morbidity and mortality

Answer 40

INVASION AND METASTASIS

Question 41

Cancers that metastasize to the BRAIN

Answer 41

LUNGS breast melanoma colon kidney

Question 42

Cancers that metastasize to the LIVER

Answer 42

COLON stomach pancreas

Question 43

Cancers that metastasize to the BONE

Answer 43

PROSTATE breast kidney thyroid lungs