Neoplasia Flashcards
(36 cards)
What is neoplasia? This leads to the formation of what?
- Means “new growth”, used to denote uncontrolled growth of cells who can’t be controlled by normal regulatory mechanisms seen in normal tissues.
- proliferation of neoplastic cells leads to formation of masses called TUMORS, latin meaning swelling.
What is the greek word for the study of cancer? The scientific word?
-Greek word for swelling is “Onkos” which leads to scientific term: ONCOLOGY
are neoplasia and tumor the same?
they are used synonymously, BUT not all neoplasms are tumors (leukemias) and not all swellings are neoplasms.
What are the two ways tumors are classified?
CLINICALLY-takes into account presentation of patient and out comes of disease or
HISTOLOGICALLY- gives the morphologic make-up of the neoplasm.
Both lead to the criteria for diagnosing tumors as benign or malignant.
What is the difference between benign and malignant tumors?
Benign-have limited growth potential and good outcome, think COMPRESS.
Malignant-grow uncontrollably and may eventually kill the host. think SUPPRESS.
Who/what determines the definitive diagnosis of tumors ALWAYS??
diagnosis of whether benign or malignant is ALWAYS achieved by the PATHOLOGIC examination.
What are the 4 major macroscopic features of benign tumors?
- sharply demarcated from normal tissue
- often encapsulated by connective tissue
- have expansile growth
4 usually compress the normal, surrounding tissue.
What are the features of malignant tumors as compared to benign tumors?
- Lack a capsule
- not sharply demarcated from normal tissue
- cannot be removed as easy as benign tumors because of their infiltrative growth and lack of sharp borders.
TQ!!!** What are the 2 hallmarks of malignant tumors grossly?
the invasion of surrounding tissue by infiltration cause “HEMORRHAGE and NECROSIS” within the tissue.
What are the histologic features of benign tumors?
Benign tumors are composed of cells that resemble the tissue from which they have arisen.
-a uniform population where all the cells have the same features, with regularly shaped round or oval nuclei, same size, evenly-distributed chromatin with normal nucleoli and well-developed cytoplasm. they may be a little darker purple though.
What are the histologic features of malignancy?
Malignant cells show prominent anaplasia in that they have new features not inherent of the origin tissue. They are UNDIFFERENTIATED, embryonic or anaplastic (very immature)
what are the malignant tumor disorganized cellular findings?
pleomorphism or variability-different shapes, sizes. A hetorgeneous population of cells
- uneven hypercrhomatic nuclei that vary in shapes and sizes, usually larger, multiple nucleoli
- no specialized cytoplasmic function and exhibit very little cytoplasm.
What is a “high nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio” (high N/C ratio)? what kind of tumors have this? what about the nucleoli of these tumors and why does this happen? (slide 30)
- large nucleus surrounded by a thin rim of cytoplasm, with a ratio of 1:1 instead of normal 1:5 ratio.
- prominent nucleoli because of the vast number of cells undergoing mitosis (rapid growth and replication).
What is the definition of metastisis? (slide 33)
where cells move from one site to another in the body. A spread of malignant tumor cells from primary location to another site in the body.
What kind of tumor cells metastisize? what is an exception to this?
- malignant tumors
- malignant primary brain tumors
What are the three main pathways malignant cells spread (metastasize)? Give an example of each pathway
- lymphatics (breast cancer)
- bloodstream (many cancers)
- direct extension of primary tumor, usually seeding on surface of body cavities (renal cell carcinoma seeding to adrenal gland)
How are benign tumors named (conceptually)? What suffix to benign tumors USUALLy have?
- Benign tumors named according to the cell type which they resemble most, with addition of
- OMA.
What suffix do benign epithelial or glandular tumors have? what about squamous tissues specifically? examples of each
- “-ademoma”-colon tubular adenoma
- “Papilloma”-skin or laryngeal papillomas
What suffix would be used for connective tissue. how would you name cartilage tissue? osseous tissue? smooth muscle? fat tissue?
“oma”
- chondroma
- osteoma
- leiomyoma
- lipoma
What name is used for malignant epithelial tumors? what are 5 examples?
- “carcinoma”
- squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, transitional cell carcinoma.
What are some examples of adenocarcinomas that are named differently? (4) (slide 54)
renal cell carcinomas
adrenocortical carcinomas
hepatocellular carcinomas
How are malignant connective tissue tumors named? fibrous tissue? fat tissue? bone tissue? skeletal muscle?
- “sarcoma”
- fibrosarcoma
- liposarcoma
- osteosarcoma
- rhabdomyosarcoma
What are 5 exceptions to the malignant tumor naming rules?
- Mesotheioma (epithelial tumor from chronic asbestos exposure)
- lymphomas
- melanomas
- astrocytomas (pimary brain tumor)
- seminomas(testicular)
Another exception to malignant naming is pediatric tumors. what is the suffix? 3 examples?
- Blastomas
- retinoblastomas, neuroblastomas (adrenal medulla),, and medulloblastomas (midline of the cerebellum)
